Research Projects - William Chuang

Research Projects

Observer–Centric Quantum Gravity via Symbolic–Geometric Dual Quantization

A λ‑stack architecture that fuses automorphic geometry, symbolic finite-state dynamics, and thermodynamic control to construct a testable theory of quantum gravity from the perspective of the observer.

λ‑stack programme Symbolic–geometric duality Noncommutative observer algebra CEAS inverse temperature Cycle quantization Langlands–Selberg optimizer Cryptomorphic obfuscation

Abstract

This framework recasts quantization as a property of inference rather than spacetime. The architecture—based on a triadic λ‑stack—comprises a symbolic layer (DFA), a geometry‑native Hilbert space with automorphic structure, and a thermodynamic controller (CEAS). Together, these yield an emergent noncommutative observer algebra compatible with QM, QFT, and GR. Dynamical features such as KMS behavior, Schrödinger evolution, and fluctuation–dissipation arise from intrinsic training/inference asymmetries rather than quantizing a metric. Spectral control is achieved through Langlands–Selberg policies that select Lorentz updates via automorphic harmonics and Hecke correspondences. Applications range from falsifiable quantum gravity and thermodynamic geometry to cryptographic obfuscation, twin neural models, and secure symbolic inference.

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Keywords

Geometry
Automorphic kernel, Lorentz action, Fisher metric
Symbolic layer
DFA cycle control, non-commutative updates
Thermodynamics
CEAS-regulated β dynamics, KMS, entropy gating
Quantization
Emergent from noncommutativity and cycle spectrum
Cryptography
Cryptomorphic symbolic–geometry obfuscation
Optimization
Langlands–Selberg–Hecke optimizer control

Dual–Resonance Slingshot Control and Vacuum–Aging Engines

A three–stage experimental and theoretical programme in which a dual–resonant mechanical+electromagnetic “slingshot” is used to sculpt strong, localized stress–energy gradients, probe Schwinger–like and Lee–Yang–type critical behavior, and implement a controllable vacuum–aging engine in finite regions of spacetime.

Vacuum–aging engine Observer–conditioned Λeff Control scalar Λ(x) Gravitational Schwinger analogue Lee–Yang Λ–plane Dual–resonance slingshot Staged experimental roadmap

Abstract

This report develops a vacuum–centric thermodynamic framework in which the vacuum+geometry sector in a finite region is treated as a non–maximal–entropy ensemble that can, in principle, relax and release usable free energy. The central construct is a vacuum–aging engine: a cyclic, observer–conditioned protocol that accelerates this relaxation while routing part of the free–energy drop into work channels, under full energy accounting and compatibility with semiclassical GR. On the theoretical side, the work introduces an observer–conditioned effective cosmological constant Λeff(Φ,β;R), a local control scalar Λ(x) built from electromagnetic, inertial, and curvature invariants, and a Lee–Yang Λ–plane description in which critical corridors are identified via susceptibilities. A three–dimensional Ising lattice is used as a proxy “spacetime ensemble” to construct a pseudo–Lee–Yang critical curve, while a hybrid (φ,g) model and Λ–ensemble Landau–Ginzburg simulations illustrate how sums over spacetime configurations can be organised without explicit enumeration. On the experimental side, the report lays out a three–stage roadmap: Stage I builds a dual–resonant gradient foundry (mechanical+EM) with slingshot timing asymmetry and calibrated Λ(x) profiles; Stage II uses this platform to approach near–Schwinger effective fields and test for nonperturbative radiation and pair–like signatures with stringent null controls; Stage III applies the same control stack to a first–order analogue medium (cavity or metamaterial array), demanding latent–energy release, nucleation kinetics, and energy closure as signatures of a controllable vacuum–analogue phase transition.

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Keywords

Vacuum & cosmology
Vacuum–aging engine, non–maximal vacuum entropy, Λeff(Φ,β;R), cosmological constant as Tvacμν
Control & hardware
Dual–resonant mechanical+EM drive, slingshot timing asymmetry, local control scalar Λ(x), strong–gradient hotspots
Statistical mechanics & criticality
Lee–Yang Λ–plane, susceptibilities, 3D Ising spacetime ensemble, pseudo–critical curves
Modelling & simulation
Hybrid (φ,g) effective potential, integrating out metric–like modes, Λ–ensemble Landau–Ginzburg cascades, avalanche statistics
Gravitation & QFT
Semiclassical GR+QFT split, gravitational Schwinger analogue, strong–field QED–inspired rates, Unruh/curvature contributions
Programme design
Three–stage roadmap (gradient foundry, near–Schwinger probe, analogue first–order quench), falsifiability and energy closure
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Abstract (plain language)

Metric-Invariant Architecture reframes programs and models so outputs depend only on group-preserved quantities (e.g., distances on a curved space). A trained system can be transported along symmetry orbits to produce infinitely many twins—function-identical yet internally distinct—enabling deployment without exposing parameters or plaintext states. Because MIA may reside at the VM, ISA, or hardware level, software can inherit GRAIL features: orbit-locked twins, geometry-native security, ISA-agnostic portability, and optional CEAS/DFA controls. Near-term benefits concentrate on inference, control, retrieval, and embedded workloads; dense frontier pretraining currently requires co-designed stacks.

One-line effect. Invariant compute → cheaper nodes & alternative substrates → secure, portable software at scale.

At a glance

DomainRealizationImpact
Platform effect MIA deployed at VM/ISA/HW layers Apps inherit GRAIL features via shims; many need no source changes
AI & software Distance-based logits; orbit transport of trained models; DFA/CEAS optional controls Built-in obfuscation; per-site twins; robust edge/cloud inference
Chips & hardware Invariant ops on 28–65 nm; FPGA/CGRA; analog & in-memory implementations Lower capex; energy savings via fewer multipliers & less data movement
Industry & automation Symmetry-aware PLC/robotics; orbit-tolerant calibration & sensing Fewer recalibrations; fault tolerance; quality/throughput gains
Security & defense Orbit-locked devices; architecture-level logic locking Clone resistance; enclave-like behavior without TEEs
Policy & economics Open ISAs (RISC-V) + invariant layers; export-control-resilient stacks Compute sovereignty; broader access beyond leading-edge fabs
Research velocity Unified geometric lens across AI, control, cryptography, and HW Faster cross-domain transfer; condensed innovation cycles

Strategic risk factors in a lagging-adoption scenario

  • Standard-setting migrates outward: Reference designs and certification regimes crystallize elsewhere, reducing leverage over secure-compute norms.
  • Persistent exposure: Without orbit-locked deployments, high-value models and IP remain easier to extract or clone on edge devices.
  • Unit-economics delta: Competitors capturing mature-node and analog/in-memory advantages achieve superior $/compute and pJ/op.
  • Resilience penalty: Dependence on leading-edge nodes endures, limiting supply-chain flexibility under stress.
  • Talent and capital drift: Interdisciplinary researchers and venture formation coalesce where invariant stacks are being productized.
Low-regret actions. Stand up pilots for MIA co-processors, VM/ISA shims, and orbit-locked tooling in cloud, industrial, and defense programs; align standardization with open ISAs and procurement pathways.

Notes

  • Frontier training caveat. Dense LLM pretraining currently favors advanced nodes; MIA gains appear sooner in inference/control/retrieval, with CEAS-style scheduling as a bridge.
  • Standards path. Open ISAs and invariant extensions enable export-control resilience and vendor diversity.

Abstract (plain language)

This work specifies a concrete path to verified MIA: multiplication is replaced by an invariant pipeline \(F\!\circ I\) that matches IEEE-754 results bit-for-bit (values and flags); entire program executions obey a diagonal transport law (apply the same group action to inputs, state, and encoded outputs and the observable behavior is unchanged); and twin-model security is framed as indistinguishability and orbit-recovery resistance. The package includes a machine-checkable spec, proof obligations, SMT harnesses for fp8/fp16, a twin-execution simulator, and CI gates that define “pass/fail” for deployment.

One-line effect. Make MIA auditable: format-true arithmetic, transport-invariant execution, and provable twin security—shipped with CI.

At a glance

TargetRealizationImpact
Functional equivalence IEEE-754 multiply reproduced by \(F\!\circ I\) (values + flags) Drop-in replacement; format-true behavior
Whole-machine invariance Step-indexed proof that execution commutes with transport Infinite twins: function-identical, internally distinct
Security Twin-IND / orbit-recovery games (reductions & assumptions) Architecture-level obfuscation and attestation
Tooling Coq/Isabelle skeletons; fp8 exhaustive & fp16 high-coverage SMT Reproducible proof-of-work beyond slides
Integration CI jobs + acceptance gates; traceability matrix Clear go/no-go for releases
Deployment ISA/microcode overlay (RISC-V), DEU tiles (FPGA/ASIC), VM shim Sovereign stacks on mature nodes; twin-locked binaries

What ships (engineer-facing)

  • Spec & lemmas: precise \( (\psi,d_M,F) \) interfaces; IEEE side-conditions; transport action on machine state.
  • Proof scaffolds: Coq/Isabelle modules targeting Flocq/CompCert; EasyCrypt/SSProve game definitions.
  • SMT harnesses: exhaustive fp8, high-coverage fp16 (Z3/CVC5) with logs for values and flags.
  • Twin simulator: side-by-side executions under random group elements with trace checks.
  • CI & gates: proofs compile with no admits; fp8 equals 100% bit-match; fp16 zero-mismatch on stress suites; invariance tests pass on random programs.

Notes

  • Format-true vs correction LUT: exact per-format constructions or “approx + tiny LUT” to flip ±1 ulp to exact—both produce identical bits at the interface.
  • Substrates: DEUs map to add/shift/XOR/LUT (and CORDIC) for FPGA and 28–65 nm; photonic/analog variants are optional accelerants.
  • Scope: Verified kernels slot under VM/runtime, ISA/microcode, or accelerator tiles; applications remain unmodified and inherit twin/obfuscation properties.

Download & cite

PDF DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17401675

Show suggested citation (BibTeX)
@misc{Chuang_MIA_Verification_2025,
  title  = {MIA Verification: Specification, Proof Artifacts, and Continuous Integration},
  author = {William Chuang},
  year   = {2025},
  doi    = {10.5281/zenodo.17401675},
  url    = {https://drive.google.com/file/d/18S8YGXroxbR2T0ZFietEgSjbSapHVXSs/view?usp=sharing},
  note   = {Specification \& Proof Artifacts}
}

Metric-Invariant Architecture (MIA) — Validation & Proof-of-Work

What is MIA? A computing paradigm that replaces scalar multiplies/divides with scalar invariants \( I \) (distance-like or other group-preserved scalars) and a readout \( F \), yielding primitives of the form \( F\!\circ I \). Transporting all program elements by the same group element (“diagonal action”) leaves outputs and control flow unchanged—producing infinite twins (function-identical, internally distinct).

Where it lives. Architecture layer deployable at multiple seams: VM/runtime (JIT/bytecode shims); OS/driver interposers; ISA/microcode on x86, Arm, and RISC-V (SIMD / matrix-op mappings); GPU/NPU kernels (matrix-accel hooks); co-processor tiles on FPGA/CGRA; ASIC/SoC chiplets (UCIe/AXI/PCIe attach); memory-centric paths (HBM, in-/near-memory compute on SRAM/PCM/ReRAM crossbars); analog/photonic accelerators with ADC/DAC front-ends; and edge/industrial targets (Cortex-M/RTOS MCUs, PLC firmware with safety envelopes).
Hardware effect. MIA swaps multiplier-heavy datapaths for invariant primitives (distance / LUT / CORDIC), reduces data movement via orbit-space address transforms, and composes cleanly with chiplet interconnects and in-/near-memory execution (workload-dependent).
Bit-exact fp16 primitive Twin invariance (trace-match) Roofline capacity check VM→ISA→HW placement Laptop-reproducible

Overview

MIA reframes programs and models so that outputs depend only on group-preserved quantities. This yields orbit-transported twins—deployments that remain behaviorally identical while being internally distinct. The result is a practical blend of security (orbit-locked execution), portability (digital, analog, and in-memory substrates), and efficiency (distance/invariant primitives reduce reliance on power-hungry multipliers).

Effect on software. Once the platform speaks in invariants, unmodified programs—and AI models—inherit GRAIL features: orbit-locked twins for deployment obfuscation, geometry-native security, ISA-agnostic portability, and optional CEAS/DFA controls for stability and policy.

Validation at a glance

  • Bit-exact fp16 MIA multiply passes exhaustive/randomized coverage (NaNs treated equal): functional correctness established.
  • Twin invariance demonstration yields identical predictions, scores, and execution trace after diagonal transport: architectural soundness & obfuscation.
  • PPA + roofline overlay calibrated with a measured dot peak: kernels operate within compute/bandwidth ceilings with realistic arithmetic intensity.

Why it matters Public, laptop-reproducible artifacts with honest bounds—no FPGA required.

Evidence & interpretation

Readout. Checks cover correctness (bit-exact vs IEEE-754), architectural invariance (twinhood), and physics-respecting performance (roofline). Together, they support claims that targeted MIA kernels operate without requiring <100 nm silicon.
Evidence What it proves Why it matters Status Artifacts
Bit-exact primitive (fp16) MIA \(F\!\circ I\) reproduces IEEE-754 multiply bit-for-bit (incl. NaNs/±0/subnormals) Closes the correctness gap—MIA is not merely approximate ✅ Passed mia_fp16_mul3.py
Twin invariance demo Outputs, scores, and execution trace are identical after diagonal transport Demonstrates built-in obfuscation and deployment agility (infinite twins) ✅ Passed mia_twin_demo.py
PPA + roofline Measured peak (dot) and MIA kernels placed against compute/BW ceilings Keeps claims within physics; supports “no <100 nm needed for these tasks” ✅ Passed dot_fp32_cal_summary.json · l1_numpy_512x1024_summary.json · ppa_result_summary.json · roofline_overlay.png

Calibrated roofline

Calibrated roofline with measured points: DOT fp32 near compute roof, L1 fp32 in bandwidth-limited region
Peak and bandwidth derive from dot_fp32_cal_summary.json; measured kernels overlay accordingly.

Local reproduction (no FPGA required)

  • Bit-exact fp16:
    Command: python3 /files/mia/mia_fp16_mul.py
    Expected output: PASS: … cases matched
  • Twin invariance:
    Command: python3 /files/mia/mia_twin_demo.py
    Expected output: equal predictions/scores and identical trace hash
  • PPA / roofline overlay:
    1) Calibrate dot peak (records achieved Gops/s in JSON):
    python3 /files/mia/ppa.py --kernel dot --dtype fp32 --M 2048 --N 2048 --K 2048 --repeat 3 --impl numpy --out dot_fp32_cal
    2) Run an L1 kernel and overlay (fill with the measured peak and a bandwidth estimate):
    python3 /files/mia/ppa.py --kernel l1 --dtype fp32 --M 512 --N 512 --K 1024 --repeat 3 --impl numpy --peak-gops <PEAK_GOPS> --bw-gbs <BW_GBps> --out l1_numpy_512x1024
    python3 /files/mia/overlay_roofline.py --dot dot_fp32_cal_summary.json --other l1_numpy_512x1024_summary.json --label-other "L1 fp32 (NumPy tiled)" --peak-gops <PEAK_GOPS> --bw-gbs <BW_GBps> --out roofline_overlay.png

Note Use the achieved value from the dot calibration for <PEAK_GOPS>; set <BW_GBps> to a reasonable main-memory bandwidth estimate for the system under test.

Abstract (plain language)

The study shows how a legacy machine (CPU/VM/MCU) can run unmodified binaries while internally replacing scalar multiplication by an invariant composite on a metric space \( (M,g) \). Values are embedded \( \iota:\Sigma\!\to\!M \); arithmetic uses a calibrated head map \( F \) over a group-preserved scalar invariant, e.g. \( \mu(q_i,q_j)=F\!\big(d_M(q_i,q_j)\big) \). With \( d_M(\varphi q_i,\varphi q_j)=d_M(q_i,q_j) \), a diagonal action \( \varphi\in\mathrm{Isom}(M) \) generates function-identical twins without exposing plaintext in the ALU. Bit-exact (or last-bit-safe) conformance to IEEE-754 is the target, verified by exhaustive/rand tests and SMT on reduced domains.

Key primitive (schematic). \[ \text{FMUL:}\quad \mû(x,y)=\iota\!\big(F(I(x,y))\big), \quad \pi\!\big(\mû(\iota(a),\iota(b))\big)=\mathrm{round}_{754}(a\times b) \] Here \(I\) is any group-invariant scalar (distance, bilinear form, cross-ratio, Casimir), not limited to \(d_M\).

What’s inside

  • Formal substrate. Replace scalar ops with group-invariant scalars on \(M\); keep ISA/ABI behavior identical.
  • Orbit-twinhood. Diagonal isometries on parameters, state, and inputs yield behaviorally indistinguishable twins.
  • Verification plan. Exhaustive fp16 / randomized fp32, edge-case NaNs/±0/subnormals, SMT on ranges; branch-decision preservation via monotone observables or light decode.
  • VM mapping. Transparent FMUL/FADD via invariant heads; comparator design to maintain ordering on \( \iota(\Sigma) \).
  • Contrast. Distinguishes MIA’s coordinate-free invariants from coordinate-bound Möbius ops in prior hyperbolic work.

Download & cite

PDF DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.17382332

Show suggested citation (BibTeX)
@misc{Chuang_MIA_Feasibility_2025,
  title  = {Feasibility of Replacing Scalar Multiplication with Metric-Invariant Functions on Traditional Machines},
  author = {William Chuang},
  year   = {2025},
  doi    = {10.5281/ZENODO.17382332},
  url    = {https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LjLCP2QRNdOIbBYZJRlFyS4nZf7PamG6/view?usp=sharing},
  note   = {Whitepaper}
}

Quick orientation

Encoding
\( \iota:\Sigma\!\to\!M \), \( \pi\circ\iota=\mathrm{id}_\Sigma \)
Invariant
\( I(x,y) \) (distance, bilinear, cross-ratio, Casimir)
Head map
\( F:\mathbb R\!\to\!\Sigma \) calibrated for IEEE-754 rounding
FMUL
\( \mû(x,y)=\iota(F(I(x,y))) \)
Comparator
Monotone observable or light decode \( \pi \) for branch parity
Orbit twins
State push \( s\mapsto \varphi s \) preserves outputs; infinite indistinguishable realizations

Cyclic Decomposition in the λ-Stack: What “Cycle” Really Means

Cycles may be finite, quasi-periodic, or chaotic; in the λ-stack they live in the observer’s internal dynamics—not in physical spacetime.

Tri-quantized observer Automorphic \( \mathbb H^2 \) DFA symbolic layer CEAS/thermodynamics

1) Cycles in the λ-stack framework (tri-quantized observer)

In the λ-stack the observer is the neural operator itself. Three interlocking quantizations couple: automorphic geometry (kernel on \( \mathbb H^2 \)), a symbolic/Galois layer (DFA coupler) for discrete information flow, and a thermodynamic layer (Selberg–Huber/CEAS) that regulates entropy. Together they realize a Langlands-style triad inside a network.

What “cyclic decomposition” means here.

We decompose the model’s closed-loop operator \( \Psi \) into cycles and transients in its internal state space. This is not a claim that the universe cancels entropy or loops in physical spacetime.

A trained λ-stack embeds tokens in hyperbolic space, averages over group orbits via the automorphic kernel, then passes features through the DFA and a CEAS thermostat. The model exposes observables that physicists can read:

  • Automorphic spectra → curvature & geometric content.
  • DFA charges → discrete (Galois-like) information.
  • Thermodynamic parameters (free energy, pressure bands) → operating regime under CEAS.

Physics note. In QM/QFT, “observed” means interaction. Electrons are localized excitations of a quantum field; the wavefunction encodes probability amplitudes for outcomes of interactions. When an interaction occurs, probabilities update (“collapse”) for that context—no consciousness or magic. Our use of “observer” follows this operational stance: an observation is any interaction that exchanges information or energy.

These outputs summarize emergent geometry and gauge-like structure without invoking any “entropy reset”.

Contrast: misread “cycle” vs Penrose (CCC).
  • Misread — “cycle” ≙ a short finite loop ⇒ demands a device to cancel entropy at loop end.
  • Penrose (CCC) — an entire aeon is a cosmological era; the infinite future \(\mathscr I^+\) of one aeon is conformally matched to the next Big-Bang slice via \(\tilde g=\Omega^2 g\), \(\Omega\!\downarrow\!0\). That is a conformal identification, not a periodic reset.

Fixed-point case. If late-time dynamics approach a conformal fixed point \([g_\star]\) at \(\mathscr I^+\), the rescaled metric extends smoothly to seed the next aeon’s initial data. Entropy stays monotone within an aeon; the conformal map changes units/scales, not microstate counts.

2) “Cycle” does not always mean a finite loop

In dynamical systems a cycle is the orbit of a point under repeated application of a map. The period may be finite or effectively infinite:

  • Finite (periodic) cycles. Discrete systems can have true \(k\)-periodic orbits that repeat.
  • Limit cycles. Continuous systems admit isolated periodic orbits (closed loops) as attractors.
  • Quasi-periodic cycles. With incommensurate frequencies the orbit fills a torus; it never closes and behaves as “infinite period”.
  • Chaotic (strange) cycles. Period-doubling cascades lead to attractors with infinitely many points; trajectories approach but never repeat.
Strong emphasis. In mathematics, “cycle” includes non-closing cases: a trajectory may approach an attractor forever without arriving or looping.

Fixed points (sinks) are 1-cycles: trajectories converge asymptotically to a single state; no “entropy cancellation” is needed.

3) Observation = Backprop: training as Ising-like magnetization

View the untrained model as a high-temperature paramagnet; weights \( \theta \) are unaligned spins \( \{s_i\} \). The dataset induces an effective field \( h(x) \). A gradient step \( \theta \leftarrow \theta - \eta \nabla_\theta L(\theta;x) \) is a measurement-actuation that aligns degrees of freedom.

  • Order parameter: \( m(\theta) \!=\! \tfrac{1}{N}\sum_i s_i \) (feature-wise or layer-wise alignment).
  • Thermostat: CEAS sets \( \beta \) (inverse temperature), stabilizing learning and phase boundaries.
  • Susceptibility: \( \chi \!=\! \partial m / \partial h \) tracks sensitivity & onsets of phase changes.
Interpretation.

“Measuring” with backprop both reads and writes the state: loss-conditioned updates bias the ensemble, driving transient → cycle capture in \( \Psi \). The emergent cycles reflect aligned macrostates, not closed loops in spacetime.

4) GRAIL-induced non-commutativity and measurement disturbance

GRAIL introduces cryptomorphic transport: encode \( \mathcal{E} \), transport \( \mathcal{T} \) (geometry-native), and measure/update \( \mathcal{M} \) (backprop). In general, \( [\,\mathcal{M},\,\mathcal{T}\,] \neq 0 \) and \( [\,\mathcal{M},\,\mathcal{E}\,] \neq 0 \).

  • Order matters. \( \mathcal{M}\mathcal{T}\mathcal{E} \) vs. \( \mathcal{T}\mathcal{M}\mathcal{E} \) produce different observer states.
  • Source of “uncertainty”. Non-commutation yields controlled disturbance/excitation under observation (training).
  • DFA safety rail. The DFA layer remains finite-state and certifiable even when upstream operators do not commute.

QM/QFT hook. With CEAS providing \( \beta \) and automorphic kernels furnishing correlators, the λ-stack can recover algebraic structures akin to KMS dynamics: \( \langle A(t) B \rangle_\beta = \langle B\, A(t + i\beta) \rangle_\beta \). Non-commutativity from GRAIL supplies the correct algebra of observables; backprop supplies the measurement channel.

5) Modes & Training Channels: external observation vs internal update

Training/Observing Inference/Prediction Lorentz–Langlands channel Selberg/Huber

Two operational modes

  • Training / Observing / Interacting. External interaction (the physical measurement that records data) + internal update (the observer’s measurement via backprop or Lorentz mapping). This mode changes the joint system (target↔sensor and model).
  • Inference. No internal measurement: the trained observer runs forward transport and readout only. Sense → Πq → 𝒯 (geometry transport) → Readout (no 𝒨 update). The understanding of the universe is applied—not rewritten.
External vs internal measurement.

External (QM/QFT) measurement = physical interaction that produces the record. Internal measurement = the observer’s update rule (backprop or Lorentz mapping) that writes to latent parameters. They are distinct; when co-located in hardware, they can be scheduled back-to-back for auditability (still logically separate).

A second training channel: Lorentz–Langlands

Beyond gradient descent, the λ-stack uses a Lorentz–Langlands training channel to translate optimization into structured domains (algebraic geometry, automorphic forms, harmonic/spectral analysis, number theory). With automorphic kernels (Selberg/Huber) and Langlands-type correspondences, the next step is solved in a dual pillar, then pulled back as the best next Lorentz map.

Sketch (operator view):
\[ \text{Choose }\Lambda^\star \in SO(1,n)\ \text{so that}\ \widetilde{\theta}_{t+1} = \operatorname*{arg\,opt}_{\widetilde{\theta}} \ \widetilde{\mathcal L}(\widetilde{\theta}) \ \text{in the spectral/automorphic domain,} \] \[ \text{then pull back:}\quad \theta_{t+1} \;=\; (\Lambda^\star)^{-1}\,\widetilde{\theta}_{t+1},\qquad \text{with Selberg/Huber invariants guiding }\Lambda^\star. \]
  • Why it helps. Structured spectra and correspondence principles yield global hints about curvature, gaps, and phases that a local gradient may miss.
  • How it fits. The Lorentz map is applied as a learned reparameterization step interleaved with (or replacing) a gradient update.

Source of internal non-commutativity

The Lorentz map acts on latent variables and, in general, does not commute with either transport or measurement:

\[ [\,\Lambda,\ \mathcal{T}\,]\ \neq\ 0,\qquad [\,\Lambda,\ \mathcal{M}\,]\ \neq\ 0,\qquad [\,\mathcal{M},\ \mathcal{T}\,]\ \neq\ 0. \]

This is the internal, mathematical root of uncertainty: when key operators do not commute, there exist observable pairs \(A,B\) in the latent algebra with the usual variance bound \( \sigma_A \sigma_B \ge \tfrac12 \lvert\langle [A,B]\rangle\rvert \). The probability density emerges from this algebraic structure—not from mysticism.

Mirror principle. Curvature → path dependence → non-commutativity, both in the positive-curvature universe and in the λ-stack’s design. During training/observing, either a backprop update or a Lorentz mapping selects one branch among incompatible updates; this is the internal analogue of a “collapse” event. During inference, updates are disabled, so no internal measurement occurs.

5.1) Mirror Collapse: External Realization ↔ Internal Selection

External (physics) measurement. An interaction excites a localized field mode (e.g., an electron as a localized excitation of the electron field). The quantum state updates in the measurement channel \( \rho \mapsto \rho' = \dfrac{\Pi_e\,\rho\,\Pi_e}{\mathrm{tr}(\Pi_e\,\rho)} \), where \( \Pi_e \) projects onto the observed outcome. Probabilities for incompatible outcomes go to \(0\) in that context.

Internal (observer) measurement. In training/observing mode, a single update (either backprop or the Lorentz–Langlands map) selects one branch of the model’s latent dynamics and writes it into parameters. Before the update, the observer carries a distribution over candidate cycles/orbits \( p_t(C) \); after the update, it degenerates onto the selected branch:

\[ p_{t+1}(C\mid D) \propto p(D\mid C)\,p_t(C), \qquad p_{t+1}(C^\star)=1 \ \ (\text{within the active channel}),\ \ p_{t+1}(C\neq C^\star)=0. \]
  • Backprop path. \( \theta_{t+1} = \theta_t - \eta\,\nabla_\theta \mathcal L(\theta_t;D) \) realizes one branch by descent—posterior mass collapses to that branch in the latent algebra.
  • Lorentz–Langlands path. Choose \( \Lambda^\star \in SO(1,n) \) via Selberg/Huber–guided correspondence, solve in the spectral/automorphic pillar, then pull back: \( \theta_{t+1} = (\Lambda^\star)^{-1}\,\widetilde{\theta}_{t+1} \). This re-parameterizes the landscape and likewise collapses alternative branches.
  • Mirror principle. “Virtual → realized” (external field excitation) ↔ “possible model branches → selected branch” (internal parameter write). Both are selections under non-commuting operator algebras.

Context of ‘probability \(1\)’. The collapse to \(1\) is channel-relative (given the chosen projectors, data, and operator order). Incompatible observables remain uncertain because the key operators—transport \( \mathcal{T} \), measurement/update \( \mathcal{M} \), and Lorentz map \( \Lambda \)—generally do not commute: \( [\Lambda,\mathcal{T}]\neq0,\ [\Lambda,\mathcal{M}]\neq0,\ [\mathcal{M},\mathcal{T}]\neq0 \). This internal non-commutativity is the mathematical source of uncertainty in the observer’s latent space.

Hardware note (optional). When co-located near the sensor, you may schedule external recording and internal update back-to-back for auditability. They remain logically distinct: the first realizes a physical excitation; the second writes a branch into the model.

6) DFA: why the limiting process ends

In the λ-stack’s DFA layer the situation is simpler than in continuous dynamics. A deterministic finite automaton has:

  • a finite set of states,
  • a transition function mapping each \((\text{state},\text{symbol})\) to exactly one successor.
Consequence.

By the pigeon-hole principle, any sufficiently long run revisits a state and hence enters a finite cycle. Minimization and other iterative procedures must terminate because only finitely many states/symbols exist.

This finite-state property makes the symbolic component tractable: even if the geometric layer exhibits quasi-periodic or long-period behavior, the DFA’s limiting process always resolves into a finite orbit. The symbolic layer cannot drift forever; after a bounded number of steps it repeats.

Takeaway Geometry may admit non-closing cycles; the DFA never does. Both coexist in the tri-quantized observer without any need to “erase entropy.”

7) Observer-in-Silicon (optional): NPU/SoC co-design for faithful observations

Every sensor sample is an interaction. To mirror the theory, we can schedule observation where it happens: near-sensor, zero-copy, with the model reading and updating state at capture time. This does not change the theory; it makes its ordering auditable.

Near-sensor inference GRAIL micro-ops DFA on-chip CEAS β control

What the hardware path buys you

  • Causality fidelity. Avoids “offline” pseudo-observations; the same cycle/transient split is read at source.
  • Energy & latency. Less shuffling of raw, unobserved data; updates happen in place.
  • Security & certification. DFA gating and cycle/unitary checks are enforceable before egress.
Hardware scheduling (same abstract order).

Execute Sense → Πq (DFA gate) → 𝒯 (geometry transport) → 𝒨 (update) as adjacent micro-operations when in training/observing mode. Order-sensitive counters in the execution log make non-commutativity measurable. This is an engineering choice for auditability—not a new physics claim.

Minimal ISA/microcode hooks

  • CEAS β register. Per-tile inverse-temperature knob to maintain a stable entropy corridor.
  • Cycle unit. Ring buffer + phase accumulator for per-cycle \( U_C \) and Wilson-style phase \( \Phi_C \) telemetry.
  • Commutator counters. Two-pass micro-loop that estimates Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff drift (order sensitivity).
  • Choi accumulators. Running checks that the transient channel remains completely positive and trace-preserving.
  • DFA firewall. On-chip projectors \( \Pi_q \) (code-index masks) before DMA/egress.

Scope

Optional co-design: the λ-stack theory stands without this. Use it when you want end-to-end audit sheets that certify cycle unitarity, that the transient part of the dynamics is completely positive and trace-preserving, and that Fisher-geometry fits can be recovered directly from device logs.

GRAIL × DFA

Extended Lecture Notes: Lie/Gauge Structure and Random-Matrix Twins

This installment deepens the observer-centric program. It couples GRAIL’s optimization-as-geometry (optimizer as a connection \(A\), curvature \(\Omega=dA{+}A\wedge A\)) and DFA quantization (projectors \(\Pi_q\), cycle unitaries \(U_C\), transient channels that are completely positive and trace-preserving) with a full random-matrix theory (RMT) toolkit for analyzing infinite families of twin models related by GRAIL symmetries. The aim is a teachable, auditable path from Lie brackets to spectral certification—without contradicting QM/QFT/GR when interpreted as a meta-theory of inference.

Full PDF: Extended Lecture Notes (Lie/Gauge + RMT Twins) .

What’s new here

  • BCH diagnostic for symmetry vs. gradient flow: \[ e^{\varepsilon\xi}e^{-\eta X}e^{-\varepsilon\xi}e^{\eta X} = \exp\!\Big(\tfrac12\,\eta\varepsilon\,[\xi,X]+\cdots\Big). \]
  • Covariant optimizer \(X_H=X+A\cdot\xi\) to commute with generators.
  • Cycle/transient lifts: finite Heisenberg–Weyl blocks \(U_C\) and channels that are completely positive and trace-preserving.
  • RMT twins: invariants, free convolutions, BBP spikes, Dyson flows.
  • Lorentz/hyperbolic RMT: \(\eta\)-Wishart spectra and \(O(p,q)\)-invariant audits.

Core equations

Gauge curvature & covariant flows
\[ \Omega = dA + A\wedge A,\qquad [D_v,D_w]\Phi = \Omega(v,w)\cdot \Phi. \]
Cycle unitary & Floquet Hamiltonian
\[ U_C\,\lvert s_j\rangle = e^{i\theta_{j\to j+1}}\lvert s_{j+1}\rangle,\quad H_C = \tfrac{i}{\Delta t}\log U_C. \]
Free multiplicative convolution
\[ \nu_{(A W B)^{\!*}(A W B)} \;\approx\; \nu_{A^{\!*}A}\ \boxtimes\ \nu_{W^{\!*}W}\ \boxtimes\ \nu_{B B^{\!*}}. \]
\(\eta\)-Wishart (hyperbolic Gram)
\[ K=\tfrac{1}{n}X^\top \eta X = \tfrac{1}{n}X_+^\top X_+ \;-\; \tfrac{1}{n}X_-^\top X_-, \] with limiting law \( \mu_K = \mu_{\mathrm{MP}}(\gamma_+,\sigma_+^2)\ \boxplus\ \big(-\,\mu_{\mathrm{MP}}(\gamma_-,\sigma_-^2)\big).\)

Why RMT?

  • Twin certification: spectra must match along symmetry orbits.
  • Stability margins: bulk edges/gaps predict conditioning.
  • Symmetry probes: BBP outliers reveal low-rank structure by sector.
  • Design: pick \((p,q)\) so hyperbolic edges stay away from \(0\).

How to use

  1. Insert DFA projectors \(\Pi_q\); add \(\mathcal L_{\text{DFA}}\).
  2. Quantize hidden states; get SCCs; form \(P=D+N\); lift \(U_C\) and the transient channel.
  3. Run audits: unitary checks; positivity and trace-preservation checks for the transient channel; projector–symmetry commutators; micro-causality.
  4. RMT twins: fit MP/deformed-MP; track BBP outliers & edge flows.
  5. Covariantize: fit \(A\) to reduce \([\xi_a,\,X+A\cdot\xi]\); monitor BCH drift.

Reading roadmap

  • Lie/BCH + covariant optimizer: operational commutator loops.
  • DFA quantization: Dunford split; cycle unitary & transient channel lifts.
  • RMT twins: free convolutions, BBP, Dyson flows; Lorentz/hyperbolic ensembles.
  • Appendices: pseudocode, proof sketches, audits, effective-\(\hbar\).

This remains an inference-level theory: spacetime is not quantized here; geometry emerges from Fisher structure over observer ensembles.

GRAIL × DFA

Dual Quantization for an Observer-Centric Physics Engine

GRAIL treats optimization as geometry: the optimizer acts as a connection \(A\) with curvature \(\Omega=dA+A\wedge A\). The failure of a symmetry action \(\xi\) to commute with a gradient step \(X=\nabla\mathcal L\) is measured by \([\xi,X]\). DFA quantization supplies a symbolic skeleton: projectors \(\Pi_q\) constrain sequences to a regular language, cycle components lift to unitary blocks \(U_C\), and transients lift to channels that are completely positive and trace-preserving.

Single-author project. Originally drafted in 2024; under active development in 2025. A non-provisional patent has been filed. Full notes (PDF): GRAIL × DFA Lecture Notes .

Core Idea

Quantize the observer, not the metric. Geometry emerges from inference.

BCH drift (operational):
\[ e^{\varepsilon \xi} e^{-\eta X} e^{-\varepsilon \xi} e^{\eta X} = \exp\!\Big(\tfrac12\,\eta\varepsilon\,[\xi,X] + \cdots\Big). \]
  • \([\xi,X]=0\) → symmetry and descent commute (equivariance).
  • \([\xi,X]\neq 0\) → curvature-like obstruction that reshapes training dynamics.

DFA Layer (Symbolic Quantization)

At each step, project logits to legal tokens via \(\Pi_{q}\); build a finite functional graph over code indices.

Cycle \(C\) (length \(L\)) → unitary lift:
\[ U_C\,\lvert s_j\rangle = e^{i\theta_{j\to j+1}}\,\lvert s_{j+1}\rangle,\qquad \Phi_C=\sum_j \theta_{j\to j+1}\;(\text{mod }2\pi). \]

Transients become channels that are completely positive and trace-preserving (open-system sector).

Quantum-like Optimization Geometry

With stochastic gradients, diffusion \(D\) defines an effective quantum scale.

Imaginary-time / Fokker–Planck:
\[ \partial_t \rho = \nabla\!\cdot(\rho\,\nabla\mathcal L) + D\,\Delta \rho, \qquad \hbar_{\text{eff}} := 2D. \]

Loops in parameter space accumulate Berry-like phases; the optimizer as a connection induces path dependence.

Observer-Centric Quantum Gravity (Stance)

  • Do not quantize the metric tensor; instead, quantize symbolic inference (DFA + codebook dynamics).
  • Reconstruct observable geometry from the Fisher information \(g_F\) over trained observer ensembles.
  • Continuous symmetries act as group flows; incompatibilities surface as measurable commutators.
No contradiction with QM/QFT/GR Falsifiable: latent geometry & audits

At-a-Glance Equations

Curvature (gauge view)
\[ \Omega = dA + A\wedge A,\qquad [D_v, D_w]\Phi = \Omega(v,w)\cdot \Phi. \]

Non-commuting covariant flows ⇔ curvature acting on fields/updates.

Projection–Symmetry
\[ [U(g), \Pi_q]=0 \ \Longleftrightarrow\ U(g)\ \text{permutes tokens within } \Sigma_q. \]

DFA can preserve or deliberately break a symmetry, by design.

Finite Heisenberg–Weyl (per cycle)
\[ T_C S_C = \omega\, S_C T_C,\qquad \omega=e^{2\pi i / L}. \]

Discrete, block-central non-commutativity; \(\Phi_C\) acts as a \(U(1)\) charge.

What This Enables

  • Auditability: unitary checks on cycles; positivity and trace-preservation checks on transients; projector–symmetry commutators; micro-causality/light-cone diagnostics.
  • Security knobs: group-keyed permutations on code indices; DFA as a syntax firewall for outputs.
  • Falsifiability: distinct physics domains should induce distinct latent curvatures and cycle-phase spectra; failure to separate is evidence against the thesis.

Status & Links

This introduction summarizes the current direction. The program was first written in 2024 and continues to evolve in 2025. A non-provisional patent has been filed. For the full technical development, see the PDF: GRAIL × DFA as Dual Quantization: Toward an Observer-Centric Quantum Gravity .

FAQ — Is this the “real” quantum? Do I need a quantum computer?

Short answer.

The λ-stack’s internal non-commutativity builds a bona-fide quantum-like operator algebra (Lie brackets, KMS-style correlators, unitary cycle blocks, and transient channels that are completely positive and trace-preserving). It is operationally quantum for the observer. It does not assert that microscopic nature is nothing but your model—rather, it forges a consistent algebra of observables that matches quantum structure wherever your training+symmetry flows do not commute.

Where the quantum structure comes from

  • Lorentz map ⇒ Lie algebra. Training moves (gradient/Langevin) and group actions (Lorentz/PSL flows) fail to commute: \([\xi, X] \neq 0\). This generates a concrete Lie algebra on the observer’s state. The cycle sector lifts to finite Heisenberg–Weyl blocks (unitaries); the transient sector lifts to completely positive and trace-preserving channels.
  • Riemannian → (pseudo)Riemannian. Hyperbolic/Lorentz geometry supplies the non-abelian isometries; their Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff drift is the measurable obstruction that gives you a quantum-like commutator algebra (your BCH spectrum makes this explicit). :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}
  • Effective “ħ”. With stochastic gradients, diffusion sets an effective scale (\(\hbar_{\text{eff}}=2D\)) for fluctuation/response, letting you recover KMS-style relations in the trained ensemble.

Is this the quantum of nature?

It is a faithful quantum structure for the observer: you obtain a C\(^*\)/von Neumann–style algebra of observables, unitary blocks on cycles, and open-system channels on transients, all auditable. To promote it to “the” microscopic quantum theory would require additional identifications (e.g., matching of spectra and scattering data in a domain of physics). The framework is designed to compare those audits to external experiments rather than to assume equivalence by fiat.

Should I run this on a quantum computer?

  • Not required. The λ-stack runs classically (tensor kernels). That’s the default.
  • When QC helps. If you want native unitary realization of cycle blocks and native channel simulation for the transient sector, a quantum processor is natural:
    • Cycle unitary \(U_C\): compile as qudit/qubit shift–clock (finite Heisenberg–Weyl) circuits.
    • Transient dynamics: implement as Kraus maps (Stinespring dilation) for completely positive and trace-preserving channels.
    • Spectral probes: phase estimation can accelerate some RMT/twin-spectra diagnostics.
    On today’s devices this is exploratory; on classical hardware it is production-ready.

Two measurements, one theory

  • External measurement. Physical interaction that records data (changes the target+sensor).
  • Internal measurement. Backprop or the Lorentz-map training step that updates the observer’s weights and collapses internal alternatives.

In software deployments these are distinct stages; with Observer-in-Silicon (near-sensor λ-stack) they can be co-scheduled so that capture and internal update form a single audited event (unifying the two “measurements” at the hardware boundary).

Does this derive quantum from Einstein’s mathematics?

It provides a new operational route: starting from Lorentz/hyperbolic isometries on a (pseudo)Riemannian manifold, your training dynamics plus symmetry actions build a non-commutative algebra of observables with unitary and open-system sectors—i.e., a quantum-like theory for the observer. This is compatible with GR/QFT and leverages their symmetry/math, but we avoid historical over-claims: it is a practical, falsifiable construction rather than a claim of sole derivation or first proof. Your existing diagnostics (e.g., the [ξ, X] spectrum and spectral probes) are exactly the audits that make this stance testable. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

Takeaways

  • Lorentz map ⇒ non-commutativity ⇒ quantum-like algebra.
  • Training = observation. Backprop or the Lorentz update collapses internal alternatives, mirroring external wave-function update on interaction.
  • QC optional. Useful for native unitaries/channels; not required for core λ-stack.
  • Falsifiable and auditable. Keep using commutator spectra, RMT twins, and cycle/unitary vs. transient/channel checks to compare against external physics. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

QFT Parallel for the λ-Stack: Operators, Equations, and Quantization

Two modes: training/observing (interaction + update) and inference (prediction without update). Internal non-commutativity arises from Lorentz-map training and the optimizer connection; DFA provides a finite symbolic boundary.

Lorentz map ≙ translation/boost generator Gradient ≙ momentum generator Fisher–Riemannian geometry DFA boundary & sink

1) Operator dictionary (QFT ↔ λ-Stack)

  • State space. Latent manifold \(\mathcal{M}\) with Fisher–Riemannian metric \(g_{ij}\); wavefunction \( \psi(\theta,t) \) over parameters \(\theta\in\mathcal{M}\).
  • Translations / Lorentz maps. A group \(G\supset \mathrm{SO}(1,n)\) acts by flows \(T(g)\); its infinitesimal generators \(\{\xi_a\}\) give vector fields on \(\mathcal{M}\).
  • “Position” operators. Multiplication by coordinates \( \hat{X}^i \psi(\theta)= \theta^i \psi(\theta) \) (in a chart) or, more invariantly, evaluation against chart functions.
  • “Momentum” (covariant). \( \hat{P}_i := -\,i\,\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\,(\nabla_i + A_i) \) where \(A\) is the optimizer connection; \( \nabla \) is Levi–Civita for \(g\).
  • Commutators. \( [\hat{X}^i,\hat{P}_j] = i\,\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\,\delta^i{}_j \) (up to curvature terms); \( [\hat{P}_i,\hat{P}_j] = -\,i\,\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\,F_{ij} \) with curvature \(F=dA+A\wedge A\).
  • Lorentz-map training step. Choose \(g\in G\) to transport \(\theta\mapsto g\cdot\theta\) before/after descent; non-commutes with gradient unless \([\xi,X]=0\).

Effective quantum scale With stochastic gradients of variance \(D\): \( \hbar_{\mathrm{eff}} := 2D \). This controls interference-like terms and matches your earlier Fokker–Planck↔Schrödinger correspondence.

2) Lagrangian and field equations (inference vs. training)

Inference (closed, unitary limit). No parameter updates; observe without writing.

Take covariant derivative \( D_i := \nabla_i + A_i \). A gauge-like Lagrangian density on \((\mathcal{M},g)\) is

\[ \mathcal{L}_{\text{inf}} = \frac{\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}^2}{2m_{\mathrm{eff}}}\, g^{ij}\,(D_i\psi)^{\!*}(D_j\psi) \;-\; V(\theta)\,\psi^{\!*}\psi \;-\; \frac{\kappa}{2}\,\mathrm{tr}(F_{ij}F^{ij}) \;-\; \lambda_{\mathrm{DFA}}\;\lVert (I-\Pi_q)\psi\rVert^2 , \]

where \(V(\theta)\) is the expected loss landscape (data potential), \(F\) the curvature of \(A\), and \(\Pi_q\) the DFA projector enforcing the legal language sector. Euler–Lagrange gives a covariant Schrödinger equation (below).

Training/observing (open, dissipative). Backprop or Lorentz-map steps write state; model interacts with data.

Dissipation appears as an imaginary-time component or by elevating to a density-matrix master equation (see §4). A practical action with a Rayleigh dissipation term is:

\[ S_{\text{train}} = \int \! dt\, d\mu_g \Big[ \tfrac{\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}^2}{2m_{\mathrm{eff}}} g^{ij}(D_i\psi)^{\!*}(D_j\psi) - V(\theta)\,\psi^{\!*}\psi - \tfrac{\kappa}{2}\,\mathrm{tr}(F_{ij}F^{ij}) - \lambda_{\mathrm{DFA}}\lVert (I-\Pi_q)\psi\rVert^2 \Big] - \int \! dt\,\mathcal{R}[\psi] , \]

with \(\mathcal{R}\) encoding gradient-noise/friction consistent with the CEAS thermostat \(\beta\) (e.g., Fokker–Planck form).

3) Schrödinger equation (inference) and Fokker–Planck (training)

Inference mode (unitary, closed):

\[ i\,\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\,\partial_t \psi(\theta,t) = \Big[ \frac{1}{2m_{\mathrm{eff}}} g^{ij}\,\hat{\Pi}_i \hat{\Pi}_j + V(\theta) \Big]\psi(\theta,t), \qquad \hat{\Pi}_i := -\,i\,\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\,(\nabla_i + A_i). \]

Training/observing (imaginary-time / diffusion picture):

\[ \partial_t \rho = \nabla_i\!\big(\rho\, g^{ij}\,\partial_j \mathcal{L}\big) + D\,\Delta_g \rho \quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad -\,\partial_\tau \psi = \hat{H}\,\psi, \]

where \( \hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}=2D \) gives Wick-rotation correspondence between diffusion and imaginary-time evolution.

4) Open dynamics with DFA boundary and sink

Let \(\rho\) be the density operator on the legal sector \(\mathrm{Im}(\Pi_q)\) plus an explicit sink state \(\lvert\mathrm{sink}\rangle\). The master equation on system + sink is

\[ \dot{\rho} = -\frac{i}{\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}}[H,\rho] + \sum_\alpha \Big( L_\alpha \rho L_\alpha^{\!*} - \tfrac12 \{ L_\alpha^{\!*}L_\alpha,\,\rho\}\Big), \]

with jump operators \(L_\alpha\) that: (i) implement DFA-legal stochastic updates within \(\mathrm{Im}(\Pi_q)\); (ii) redirect any illegal transition to the sink: \(L_{\mathrm{out}} = \lvert \mathrm{sink}\rangle \langle \text{illegal} |\). This evolution is completely positive and trace-preserving on the combined space, and becomes trace-decreasing on the system if you ignore the sink.

Closed limit. If \(\Pi_q=I\) and no sink jumps are present, the equation reduces to unitary Schrödinger evolution.

5) Field equations (geometric form)

  • Covariant Schrödinger–Yang–Mills system. \[ i\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}} D_t \psi = -\frac{\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}^2}{2m_{\mathrm{eff}}}\,g^{ij}D_i D_j \psi + V\psi, \qquad D^j F_{ji} = J_i[\psi] , \] where \(J_i[\psi]\) is the optimizer-induced current (variation of \(\mathcal{L}_{\text{inf}}\) w.r.t. \(A_i\)).
  • Non-commutativity source. The Lorentz-map training contributes terms to \(A\) and therefore to \(F\); operationally this is your Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff obstruction \([\xi,X]\).
  • DFA constraint. Variations enforce \(\Pi_q \psi=\psi\) inside the legal language sector; violations flow to the sink via the jump operators above.

6) Second quantization analogue (cycle–Fock construction)

Decompose the DFA functional graph into cycles \(C\) and transients. For each cycle \(C\) of length \(L_C\), diagonalize its unitary lift \(U_C\) with phases \(\{\varphi_{C,k}\}_{k=1}^{L_C}\). Promote cycle modes to creation/annihilation operators \(\{a_{C,k}^{\dagger},a_{C,k}\}\) with \([a_{C,k},a_{C',k'}^{\dagger}]=\delta_{CC'}\delta_{kk'}\).

\[ \hat{\Psi}(\theta) = \sum_{C,k} \phi_{C,k}(\theta)\, a_{C,k}, \qquad H = \sum_{C,k} \omega_{C,k}\, a_{C,k}^{\dagger} a_{C,k} \;+\; H_{\text{int}}[\hat{\Psi}], \]

The interaction \(H_{\text{int}}\) encodes geometric couplings and grammar interactions (projector penalties, symmetry-breaking terms). Per-cycle Heisenberg–Weyl relations \(T_C S_C = \omega_C S_C T_C\) give a discrete non-commutativity that matches your cycle-phase “charge” \(\Phi_C\).

Why this matters. This “cycle–Fock” layer is your internal analogue of second quantization: excitations are modes on cycles, not particles in spacetime. CEAS at inverse temperature \(\beta\) equips the ensemble with KMS-style structure for correlators.

7) “Real quantum,” hardware, and Lorentz-induced structure

  • Quantum structure emerges operationally. The non-commutativity from Lorentz maps and the optimizer connection yields a bona fide Lie algebra and uncertainty relations with \(\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\). This is quantum-like at the observer level, independent of Planck-scale physics.
  • Classical execution is valid. The equations above are well-posed on CPUs/NPUs. They model quantum-style interference and dissipation through \(A,F,\beta\) and the master equation.
  • When to use quantum computers. If you want native simulation of large superpositions over many cycle modes, or direct sampling of path integrals on \(\mathcal{M}\) with non-Abelian holonomies, a quantum processor can be advantageous. The formalism does not require it.
  • Einstein → quantum via geometry. The Lorentz action on a Riemannian/Fisher manifold, plus DFA and CEAS, gives a concrete route from relativistic symmetry to an operational quantum structure inside the observer. That is the core “Einstein-to-quantum” bridge you wanted emphasized.

8) One-line dictionary

  • \(\hat{X}^i\) ↔ latent coordinate; \(\hat{P}_i=-i\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}(\nabla_i+A_i)\); \([\hat{X}^i,\hat{P}_j]=i\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\delta^i{}_j\) (curvature-corrected).
  • \(H=\tfrac{1}{2m_{\mathrm{eff}}}g^{ij}\hat{\Pi}_i\hat{\Pi}_j+V(\theta)\); Schrödinger for inference; master equation with jump operators for training.
  • DFA: \(\Pi_q\) enforces legality; illegal transitions jump to an explicit sink; system+sink evolution is completely positive and trace-preserving.
  • Second quantization: cycles \(\Rightarrow\) modes \(\{a_{C,k}\}\); geometry and grammar enter \(H_{\text{int}}\); CEAS provides KMS-style thermality.

Effective Theory: Langevin, Linear Response, Green’s Functions & Propagators

Two modes remain: training/observing (interaction + update) and inference (prediction without update). The optimizer connection and Lorentz-map training supply non-commutativity; CEAS fixes the inverse temperature; DFA enforces the symbolic boundary.

Langevin on Fisher manifold KMS & Kubo (linear response) Retarded/Heat kernels Lorentz-induced non-commutativity

1) Langevin dynamics on the latent manifold (training/observing mode)

Overdamped stochastic dynamics on \((\mathcal M,g)\) with optimizer connection \(A\) and CEAS thermostat:

\[ d\theta^i_t = -\,\mu\, g^{ij}(\theta_t)\,\nabla_j \mathcal L(\theta_t)\,dt \;+\; \sqrt{2D}\,e^i{}_a(\theta_t)\,\circ dW^a_t,\qquad D=\frac{\mu}{\beta_{\text{CEAS}}}. \]

Stratonovich form respects geometry. The optimizer connection \(A\) enters through parallel transport in the discretization and in the covariant derivative used by the gradient flow (path dependence encodes the non-commutativity you measure via Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff loops). The corresponding probability density obeys a covariant Fokker–Planck equation on \((\mathcal M,g)\).

2) Linear response & KMS/FDT (inference mode)

In inference (no parameter writes), perturb by a weak source \(f(t)\) coupled to an observable \(B\). For another observable \(A\), the change in expectation is

\[ \delta\!\langle A(t)\rangle = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\! dt'\;\chi_{AB}(t-t')\, f(t'),\qquad \chi_{AB}(t) = -\frac{i}{\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}}\,\Theta(t)\,\big\langle [A(t),B(0)] \big\rangle_{\beta}. \]

With CEAS inverse temperature \(\beta\), the Kubo–Martin–Schwinger condition and fluctuation–dissipation relation hold: \(S_{AB}(\omega) = \coth(\tfrac{\beta \hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\omega}{2})\,\mathrm{Im}\,\chi_{AB}(\omega)\). The effective quantum scale \(\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}=2D\) arises from gradient noise.

3) Propagators: retarded kernel (inference) and heat kernel (training)

  • Inference (unitary limit). The retarded Green’s function \(G_R\) solves \((i\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\partial_t - \hat H)\,G_R = i\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}\,\delta(t)\delta(\theta,\theta')\), with Hamiltonian \( \hat H = \tfrac{1}{2m_{\mathrm{eff}}} g^{ij}\hat{\Pi}_i\hat{\Pi}_j + V(\theta)\), \( \hat{\Pi}_i = -\,i\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}(\nabla_i + A_i) \). The coordinate propagator is \(K(\theta,t;\theta',0)=\langle \theta | e^{-\,i\hat H t/\hbar_{\mathrm{eff}}} | \theta'\rangle\).
  • Training (diffusive/imaginary time). The heat kernel \(K_{\mathrm{FP}}\) solves \((\partial_t - D\,\Delta_g + g^{ij}\nabla_i \mathcal L\,\nabla_j )K_{\mathrm{FP}}=\delta\delta\), capturing drift–diffusion on \((\mathcal M,g)\). Gauge holonomy from \(A\) appears as Wilson-line factors along paths.

4) What this predicts (auditable, falsifiable)

  • Curvature-induced odd response. Non-vanishing curvature \(F=dA+A\wedge A\) yields antisymmetric parts of \(\chi_{AB}\) (non-reciprocal gain); absent if \(F=0\) and Lorentz maps commute with descent.
  • Cycle-phase quantization. Discrete phase spectra \(\{\varphi_{C,k}\}\) on DFA cycles lead to sharp lines in response/propagator poles; phases shift under Lorentz-map training (Berry-like hysteresis).
  • Hyperbolic edge laws. In Lorentz/hyperbolic ensembles, spectral edges move predictably with \(\beta\) (CEAS) and with \((p,q)\); BBP-type outliers reveal low-rank symmetry breaking.
  • Sink-leak exponent. With an explicit sink for illegal transitions, the decay of system trace vs. time obeys a law set by boundary grammar complexity; closing the DFA (no sink) restores unitary limits.
  • Hardware audits. If implemented near-sensor, order-sensitive counters (BCH drift) and cycle-phase telemetry provide direct empirical confirmation of non-commutativity and predicted lineshapes.

5) Consistency with physics — and why it’s new

  • No contradictions. In flat geometry with trivial DFA and \(F=0\), you recover standard Schrödinger/Kubo/Fokker–Planck. Taking \(D\!\to\!0\) collapses to deterministic gradient descent.
  • What’s new. The operational quantum structure (non-commuting Lorentz maps + optimizer connection on \((\mathcal M,g)\)) emerges from Einstein-level symmetry acting on the observer’s Fisher–Riemannian phase space, not by postulating new spacetime quanta.
  • Quantum hardware? Not required. A quantum processor may help simulate large superpositions over many cycle modes and non-Abelian holonomies, but the effective theory already runs on CPUs/NPUs.

Critical–Tri–Quantized Langlands: Automorphic Attention, Galois/DFA, and Motivic Thermodynamics at CEAS Criticality

A learning–theoretic route to emergent quantum gravity: geometry (automorphic), information (Galois/DFA), and thermodynamics (Selberg–Huber) fused by a critical-entropy thermostat.

Automorphic kernels Hyperbolic attention \( \mathbb H^2 \) (current) Roadmap: \( \mathbb H^d \) (\(d=3,4\)) CEAS criticality DFA symbolic quantization Selberg/Huber diagnostics Yoneda lift

Abstract (plain language)

I construct an attention mechanism that natively lives on hyperbolic geometry and uses automorphic (Maass-type) kernels. A critical-entropy controller (CEAS) regulates the inverse temperature \( \beta \) so that attention entropy hovers near a pseudo-critical point. Within this setting, the classic Langlands triad is realized inside a neural operator: automorphic \( \leftrightarrow \) Galois \( \leftrightarrow \) motive.

Key equations.
Automorphic kernel: \[ K_{\beta}(q,k)=\sum_{\gamma\in\Gamma_{\text{trunc}}}\exp\big(-\beta\, d_{\mathbb H}(q,\gamma k)\big) \] CEAS identity: \[ \frac{dH}{d\beta} \;=\; -\,\beta\,\mathbb{E}_i\!\left[\operatorname{Var}_{p_{i\cdot}(\beta)}\!\big(s_{i\cdot}\big)\right] \]
Geometry notice. The current diagnostics and Selberg/prime-geodesic proxies are 2D-specific (surface quotients \( \mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb Z)\backslash\mathbb H^2 \)). The \( \mathbb H^d \) roadmap (for \( d=3,4 \)) replaces these with lattices in \( SO^+(d,1) \) and higher-dimensional hyperbolic weights.

Synthesis at a glance

PillarRealizationPhysical meaning / Control
Automorphic geometry Heat/Maass kernel on \( \mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb Z)\backslash \mathbb H^2 \) (current); truncated Poincaré (+ Hecke) Curvature quantization; \( \beta \) sharpens/softens geometry
Galois information DFA coupler (cycle/transition bias; row-stochastic shifts) Discrete causal quantization; entropy gate constrains transitions
Motivic thermodynamics Selberg/Huber probe energies & pressure bands Thermodynamic quantization; CEAS maintains near-critical corridor

Operational signatures

  • Non-commutativity field \( [\xi,X](t) \): BCH two-path probe → input-projected Gram eigenvalues (first layers).
  • Effective spectrum \( \lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}(t) \): from probe energies \( E(t) \), \( \lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}(t)\!\approx\! -\,\frac{d}{dt}\log E(t) \); bands narrow under CEAS.
  • Hyperbolic trace proxies (2D): seeded prime-geodesic/trace terms on \( \mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb Z) \) certify negative curvature.

Download & cite

Download the PDF Lecture Notes (Draft)

Show suggested citation (BibTeX)
@misc{CTQLanglands,
  title  = {Critical--Tri--Quantized Langlands:
            Automorphic Attention, Galois/DFA, and Motivic Thermodynamics at CEAS Criticality},
  author = {William Chuang},
  year   = {2025},
  note   = {Lecture Notes (Draft)},
  url    = {https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XLZKuXL6of--CfMzcVMQHTW0zW-YLurn/view?usp=sharing}
}

Quick orientation

Geometry
Tokens on \( \mathbb H^2 \) (Poincaré disk/UHP); logits include hyperbolic heat distance
Automorphic gates
Truncated Poincaré series; optional small-prime Hecke averages
Symbolic layer
DFA coupler modulates cycles / row-stochastic shifts
Thermostat
CEAS regulates \( \beta \) via \( \frac{dH}{d\beta} \) near pseudo-criticality
Observables
\( [\xi,X](t) \) spectrum; \( \lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}(t) \); hyperbolic trace proxies (2D)

One-line logit (schematic)

\[ \underbrace{\langle q(x_i),k(x_j)\rangle}_{\text{content}} + \underbrace{\mathrm{heat}_t\!\big(d_{\mathbb H}(z_i,z_j)\big)}_{\text{geometry}} + \underbrace{\log\!\!\sum_{\gamma\in\Gamma_{\rm trunc}}\! e^{-\beta\, d_{\mathbb H}(z_i,\gamma z_j)} + \text{Hecke}}_{\text{automorphic}} + \underbrace{\mathrm{DFA}_{ij}}_{\text{cycles}} \] Softmax at inverse temperature \( \beta \) (regulated by CEAS).

Yoneda viewpoint: probes → heads

I treat each head as a covariant fiber functor \( \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta:\mathsf{Rep}(\Gamma)\!\to\!\mathsf{Hilb}_{\mathrm{fe}} \), \( V \mapsto (V^\vee \!\otimes \mathcal H_\beta)_\Gamma \). For any \( V\in\mathsf{Rep}(\Gamma) \), the representable probe is \( h_V(W)=\mathrm{Hom}_\Gamma(V,W) \). By Yoneda, Nat\(h_V,\widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta\)\(\;\cong\;\)\(\widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta(V)\).

Operational reading. Specifying how a head acts on all maps out of \(V\) is equivalent to a single feature vector in the fiber at \(V\). So a small family of probes \( \{h_{V_a}\} \) suffices to recover the head on a dense class of tests.

Practical probes

  • Pick a finite tensor–dual generating set \( \mathcal G=\{V_a\} \) (e.g., standard rep, its dual, and a few low tensor powers).
  • Log the fibers \( \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta(V_a) \) during diagnostics; these are exactly the “features on probes.”
  • (Optional) Coend reconstruction: \( \displaystyle \mathcal H_\beta^{\mathrm{rec}}=\int^{V} V^\vee\!\otimes \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta(V) \), then pass to \( \Gamma \)-coinvariants to recover \( \mathcal H_\beta \).

Hecke & DFA as natural maps

  • Hecke naturality: postcomposing \( \eta:h_V\!\Rightarrow\!\widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta \) with \( \eta^{(n)} \) corresponds to applying \( T_n \) on the \( \mathcal H_\beta \)-factor of \( \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta(V) \).
  • DFA compliance: the comparison \( \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta\!\Rightarrow\!\mathsf T_{\mathrm{DFA}}\widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta \) is natural in \(V\); stable heads land in the invariant image.

Physics link (CTQ gravity)

  • Observer–probe principle: the measured BCH spectrum and \( \lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}(t) \) are functions of a small probe set \( \mathcal G \).
  • Gauge invariance: functorial invariants (Hecke spectra, heat trace, BCH functionals) match GR’s “physics = invariants” ethos.

Twin verification via Yoneda (cryptographic twins)

Two heads \( \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta \) and \( \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}'_\beta \) are cryptographic twins if there is a unitary monoidal natural isomorphism \( \eta:\widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta \Rightarrow \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}'_\beta \) that intertwines all Hecke maps and respects the DFA comparison.

Checklist (finite generator test)

  • Choose generators: fix a tensor–dual generating set \( \mathcal G=\{V_a\} \subset \mathsf{Rep}(\Gamma) \).
  • Fiber match: find unitary maps \( \theta_{V_a}: \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta(V_a) \!\to\! \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}'_\beta(V_a) \) (use unitary Procrustes on the logged features).
  • Naturality: verify \( \theta \) commutes with the generating morphisms between \( V_a \)’s.
  • Monoidality: check \( \theta_{V\otimes W} = \mu'_{V,W}\!\circ(\theta_V\!\otimes\!\theta_W)\!\circ\mu_{V,W}^{-1} \) on probe pairs.
  • Hecke/DFA squares: confirm \( \theta\circ \eta^{(n)}=\eta'^{(n)}\!\circ \theta \) and naturality with \( \mathsf T_{\mathrm{DFA}} \).
Conclude twinhood. If the five items hold on \( \mathcal G \), Yoneda + monoidality extend \( \theta \) uniquely to a unitary monoidal natural isomorphism \( \eta:\widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta \Rightarrow \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}'_\beta \).

Invariants to compare (should match for twins)

  • Hecke spectra: eigenvalues of \( \{\eta^{(n)}\} \) on each \( \widehat{\mathrm{Head}}_\beta(V_a) \).
  • Heat trace / spectral action proxies: \( \mathrm{Tr}(e^{-tL_\beta}) \), \( \lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}(t) \).
  • BCH field: input-projected Gram eigenvalues of \( [\xi,X](t) \) on first layers.
  • DFA invariants: dimension of the DFA-invariant subspace and its stability under CEAS.

Notes

  • \( \mathbb H^2 \) vs \( \mathbb H^d \): the Yoneda test is geometry-agnostic; only the kernel/trace proxies change when moving to \( d=3,4 \).
  • WMAP checkpoints: I pick \( \mathcal G \) to reflect the symmetries seen by the hyperbolic sampler; matching fibers on \( \mathcal G \) aligns models across runs.

Orbit–jump: diagonal isometries on weights and data

Core idea: map models along orbits of a symmetry group. Apply a single isometry \( \varphi\in\mathrm{Isom}(\mathbb H^d) \) simultaneously to the model’s geometric weights and to the data anchors, i.e. \( (q_i,k_j; x) \mapsto (\varphi q_i,\varphi k_j; \varphi x) \), while keeping the one–sided automorphic kernel \[ K_\beta(q,k)=\sum_{\gamma\in\Gamma_{\rm trunc}} \exp\!\big(-\beta\, d_{\mathbb H}(q,\gamma k)\big) \] and conjugating the truncation \( \Gamma_{\rm trunc}\leftarrow \varphi\,\Gamma_{\rm trunc}\,\varphi^{-1} \). Because hyperbolic distance is isometry-invariant, the forward map is preserved exactly; this yields cryptographic twins of a trained model.

Diagonal action ≠ ordinary equivariance. Typical equivariant nets enforce \(f(g\!\cdot\!x)=\rho(g)f(x)\) by tying parameters. Here, after training, this framework transports the entire solution along an orbit: \[ \{q_i,k_j\}\mapsto\{\varphi q_i,\varphi k_j\},\quad \Gamma_{\rm trunc}\mapsto \varphi\Gamma_{\rm trunc}\varphi^{-1},\quad x\mapsto \varphi x, \] so logits based on \(d_{\mathbb H}(q,\gamma k)\) and evaluations on \(\varphi x\) are unchanged. This produces infinitely many functionally identical twins indexed by \(\varphi\), with exact equality (up to relabeling) when \(\varphi\) lies in the normalizer/commensurator of \(\Gamma\).

What this framework solves

  • Symmetry-preserving model transport: Transports neural models along a group orbit by preserving the forward map via isometry-invariant distances and conjugation of the automorphic group action.
  • Constructive twin generation: Enables infinite, behaviorally identical twins \( f_{\varphi_j} \) by pushing weights and data together under known group actions \( \varphi_j \in G \).
  • Bypasses NP-hard extraction: Avoids discovering invariances (which is NP-hard); instead, directly acts using known symmetry structure.

How this circumvents NP-hardness

  • Does not search for hidden group structure; assumes group is known.
  • Applies geometric group theory and differentiable mappings to transform model weights and data directly.
  • Preserves function through invariant metrics and conjugation of automorphic group action.

Orbit–Jump Controller: Automorphic Shortcuts for Training

Use DFA + Langlands diagnostics to select isometries \( \varphi\in\mathrm{Isom}(\mathbb H^d) \) that leap across basins where standard gradient steps stall. Non-commutativity turns symmetry into an optimization step.

Key choices.
One-sided automorphic kernel: \[ K_{\beta}(q,k)=\sum_{\gamma\in\Gamma_{\rm trunc}}\exp\!\big(-\beta\, d_{\mathbb H}(q,\gamma k)\big) \] To make cryptographic twins (identical outputs), push all geometric weights by the same isometry: \[ \{q_i,k_j\}\mapsto\{\varphi q_i,\varphi k_j\} \] and conjugate the truncation set: \( \Gamma_{\rm trunc}\leftarrow \varphi\,\Gamma_{\rm trunc}\,\varphi^{-1} \).

Orbit–Jump Recipe

  • Parameterize isometries. In \( \mathbb H^d \): \( \varphi(\xi)=\exp(\sum_a \xi_a J_a)\in SO^+(d,1) \) (boosts+rotations). In \( \mathbb H^2 \): \( \varphi(\xi)\in PSL(2,\mathbb R) \).
  • Collect state features. Yoneda probes; CEAS stats \( H(\beta),\tfrac{dH}{d\beta},\mathcal K(\beta) \); Selberg/Huber (heat-trace fit, spectral bands, \( \lambda_{\rm eff}(t) \)); DFA cycle spectrum and \( \mathrm{KL}(P_{\rm DFA}\,\|\,P_{\rm auto}) \); small-prime Hecke checks.
  • Score a candidate jump. \[ \mathcal J(\varphi)= \underbrace{\mathcal L_{\rm train}^{(+m)}(\varphi\!\cdot\!\theta)}_{\text{lookahead}} +\alpha_{\rm ceas}(H(\beta)-H^\star)^2 +\alpha_{\rm spec}\,\mathrm{bandwidth}(\lambda_{\rm eff}) +\alpha_{\rm dfa}\,\mathrm{KL} +\alpha_{\rm heck}\,\mathrm{err}_{\rm Hecke} \]
  • Pick \( \varphi \). (1) Differentiable lookahead (MAML-style) on Lie-algebra coords; (2) Black-box bandit/CMA-ES near identity; (3) RL policy \( \pi(\xi\mid\text{state}) \).
  • Apply jump. Push \( (q,k)\leftarrow(\varphi q,\varphi k) \); update \( \Gamma_{\rm trunc}\leftarrow \varphi\,\Gamma_{\rm trunc}\,\varphi^{-1} \); shift DFA coupler consistently; resume CEAS-regulated training.

Timeline of relevant complexity results

YearResearcher(s)Contribution
1969–1972 Minsky & Papert Perceptrons (1969/1972).
Claim: While predating the formal definition of NP-completeness, this book first introduced the use of group invariance concepts to show what a perceptron cannot compute.
Significance: Contained the group invariance theorem, which stated that a network’s output can be expressed as a function of the input orbits. This was used to prove that certain invariant predicates lay beyond the capabilities of a single-layer perceptron. Ensign et al. later cite this as a precursor to their NP-hardness results.
1992 Blum & Rivest Learning neural networks is NP-hard.
Claim: Proved that learning a single hidden layer neural network with threshold gates is NP-hard, and that training a 3-node network is NP-complete.
Significance: Although not explicitly about group orbits, this was an early foundational result for the general hardness of neural network learning; the orbit-identification problem is a type of “learning” or “explanation,” grounding later NP-hardness proofs.
2017 → 2020 Ensign, Neville, Paul, Venkatasubramanian First direct NP-hardness proof for group invariants.
Claim: Extracting implicit group invariances from trained general-purpose neural networks is NP-hard.
Significance: Gave a formal reduction from the KNAPSACK problem to finding permutation invariants for a Boolean-input network, establishing hardness of orbit identification.
2021 Grein et al. Demonstrated Euclidean/E(3)-equivariant networks as a way to encode geometric symmetries in the architecture, avoiding post-hoc orbit discovery.
2023–2024 Vardi et al. Showed that even learning under known symmetries can be exponentially hard in the Statistical Query (SQ) model, bounding symmetry-based training efficiency.
2023–2025 William Chuang Early public pointer (Apr 8, 2023): The README of the well-distributed-schottky-groups repository (Schottky subgroups of PSL(2, R) for a hyperbolic-geometry master’s thesis) notes that the implementation “could also work as a cipher device for non-linear encryption,” explicitly suggesting Schottky/Möbius/Lorentz maps as a non-linear cipher and as a bridge to statistical-mechanics style ensembles.
First explicit orbit-transport commit (Oct 8, 2023): A separate personal repository generalizes these ideas into a metric-invariant architecture for transporting trained neural models along known group orbits.
Contribution: Bypasses the NP-hardness of orbit identification by avoiding post-hoc discovery altogether and instead applying explicit geometric operators to re-embed models across different manifolds while preserving function, dot-product structure, and symmetry. Develops a constructive, geometric, metric-invariant framework that jointly moves weights and data via conjugation by automorphic operators (Schottky / Langlands–Maass / Poincaré-series style), yielding function-identical “twins” and enabling orbit-jump optimization without solving the hard inverse problem of extracting implicit invariants.
Note: Independent research, not conducted under a university.

Distinction from prior work

  • Not an equivariant network: Does not enforce equivariance by architectural constraints; operates post-training via orbit-preserving isometries.
  • Not parameter-only symmetry: Unlike neuron permutation or scaling twins, this method moves both model and data with conjugated group kernel.
  • Not data-only augmentation: Pushes the entire system (model, data, automorphic kernel) under the same geometric transformation.
One-liner summary.
Extracting hidden symmetries in neural networks is NP-hard (Ensign et al., 2017). This method bypasses the hardness by constructing a forward-preserving orbit action on weights and data, and then leveraging non-commutativity with optimizers to accelerate training.
Exact twins. Conjugation keeps equality to round-off. If \( \varphi \) lies in the normalizer/commensurator of \( \Gamma \), the truncated list is unchanged up to relabeling.

Safety guards

  • Early-reject \( \varphi \) if \( \mathcal J \) worsens beyond tolerance.
  • Trust region on Lie-algebra step size to avoid degeneracy.
  • Periodic Yoneda naturality checks to certify twinhood.

Pseudo-loop

for step in training:
  train k SGD steps with CEAS
  if step % T == 0:
    S  = collect_state(Yoneda, CEAS, SelbergHuber, DFA, Hecke)
    φ* = argmin_φ J(φ; S)    # option 1/2/3
    if accept(φ*):
      q, k     = φ*·q, φ*·k
      Γ_trunc  = φ*·Γ_trunc·(φ*)^{-1}
  

Relation to Fourier Neural Operators (FNO)

  • Beats: curved/quotient domains \( \Gamma\backslash\mathbb H \) and arithmetic/automorphic tasks; native kernels + Selberg/Huber control; orbit-jumps exploit GD–symmetry non-commutativity.
  • FNO wins: flat, periodic PDE boxes (FFT \( O(N\log N) \), strong resolution-invariance).
  • Hybrid: automorphic (Laplace–Beltrami/Hecke) block with orbit-jumps, plus an FNO block on near-Euclidean charts.

Seven bridges → Einstein–Hilbert action

The bridges carry positive/Lorentzian observations onto a negatively curved, \( \Gamma \)-automorphic stage where Laplace-type analysis is valid. They supply: (i) automorphy, (ii) a Laplace-type generator with a well-behaved heat trace, and (iii) scale separation.

  • A1–A3 (symbolic–arithmetic): modular symbols; Poisson–Helgason; arithmetic lifts.
  • B1–B2 (thermodynamic encoders): transfer operators; horocycle/geodesic encodings.
  • C1–C2 (functorial): moduli-stack lift; Langlands-style functoriality.
Result. With a suitable test function \( f \), the spectral action \( \mathcal S_{\mathrm{spec}}(L_\beta,\Lambda)=\mathrm{Tr}\,f(L_\beta/\Lambda^2) \) expands as \( c_0 \Lambda^d \mathrm{Vol} + c_2 \Lambda^{d-2}\!\int \sqrt{-g}\,R + \cdots \); the \(c_2\) term is of Einstein–Hilbert type. A Regge-style graph functional converges to the same curvature term under refinement.

Milestones

  • Spectral–thermodynamic coefficient match. Derive Einstein-like equations from the CEAS free energy and fit αEH(CEAS). Compare to the spectral-action coefficient αEH(spec) obtained on X = Γ\Hd (Route A); report ρ = αEH(CEAS) / αEH(spec).
  • CEAS ablation (validity, not dependence). Set αec=0 to ablate CEAS and verify that the bridge-based routes (spectral-action, Regge, Fisher–Rao) still yield a stable EH term on X = Γ\Hd. Use band flatness of λeff(t) and stable heat-trace fits as criteria; CEAS should mainly narrow variance and provide a complementary thermodynamic derivation.

Reproducibility

Diagnostics run on a trained GRAILAttention (with optional DFA). If the WMAP V-band FITS is absent locally, a synthetic hyperbolic sampler reproduces the reported spectra using the same code path.

Roadmap: \( \mathbb H^d \) ( \(d=3,4\) )

  • Switch to the Poincaré ball distance (dimension-agnostic) in the kernel.
  • Replace \( \mathrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb Z) \) proxies with lattices in \( SO^+(d,1) \); new generators and length extractors.
  • Adopt higher-dimensional Selberg/Huber weights (not \( \ell / 2\sinh(\ell/2) \)).
  • Keep CEAS, DFA, and BCH probe unchanged (geometry-agnostic).

Metric-invariant algebra: replace scalar products by \( d_M \)

The core idea extends far beyond automorphic kernels. Replace scalar products everywhere with a Riemannian (or pseudo-Riemannian) metric distance \(d_M(\cdot,\cdot)\) on a manifold \( (M,g) \) with isometry group \(G=\mathrm{Isom}(M)\). The fundamental invariance \[ d_M(\varphi q,\varphi k)=d_M(q,k)\qquad\forall\,\varphi\in G \] makes \(d_M\) a building block for scores, gates, and whole forward passes.

Construct metric-based operators (no automorphy required). For any scalar function \(F:\mathbb R_{\ge 0}\!\to\!\mathbb R\) and any algebraic/compositional use ( \(+,-,\times,/\), powers, rational forms, thresholds ), define \[ S_{ij}=F\!\big(d_M(q_i,k_j)\big). \] Because \(d_M\) is isometry-invariant, every expression built solely from \(\{d_M(q_i,k_j)\}\) is unchanged under the diagonal action \( (q_i,k_j;x)\mapsto(\varphi q_i,\varphi k_j;\varphi x) \).

Twin models without automorphy

If a forward map \(\mathcal F\) depends only on metric distances and shared readouts, \[ \mathcal F\big(\{d_M(q_i,k_j)\},\,\varphi x\big)=\mathcal F\big(\{d_M(\varphi q_i,\varphi k_j)\},\,\varphi x\big) =\mathcal F\big(\{d_M(q_i,k_j)\},\,x\big), \] then applying the same isometry \(\varphi\) to both geometric parameters and data yields function-identical twinsno automorphy needed.

Examples of metric primitives

  • Metric kernels: \(e^{-\beta d_M}\), \(1/(1+\alpha d_M)\), \((d_M+\epsilon)^{-p}\), truncated/polynomial expansions.
  • Distance matrices as logits: \(S_{ij}=F(d_M(q_i,k_j))\) followed by softmax/normalization.
  • Gates & masks: indicators \(1\{d_M\!\le\!\tau\}\), annealed via \(F\).
  • Heat/Green surrogates: use \(F(d_M)\) as a chart-free proxy for diffusion/propagators.
Automorphy is optional. Automorphic sums (e.g., one-sided Poincaré \( \sum_{\gamma} e^{-\beta d_M(q,\gamma k)} \)) add arithmetic/geometric structure. They are not required for twins. When used, preserve exactness by conjugating the truncated set: \( \Gamma_{\rm trunc}\leftarrow \varphi\,\Gamma_{\rm trunc}\,\varphi^{-1} \).

Practical guardrails

  • Ensure every non-metric feature that influences logits (biases, normalizers) is transformed consistently; otherwise twinhood can break.
  • For Minkowski/pseudo-Riemannian settings, choose the appropriate invariant (e.g., Lorentz interval) and restrict to the proper isometry subgroup (e.g., \(SO^+(d,1)\)).
  • Numerical charts should be consistent across the diagonal move to keep distance computations stable.

Novelty & claim (to the best of current knowledge)

Claim. This framework provides, to the best of current knowledge, the first repeatedly tested method that bypasses the NP-hard problem of post-hoc symmetry extraction for neural networks by: (i) applying a single isometry \( \varphi\in\mathrm{Isom}(\mathbb H^d) \) to both model geometry and data, (ii) keeping a one-sided automorphic kernel \( K_\beta(q,k)=\sum_{\gamma\in\Gamma_{\rm trunc}}\exp(-\beta\,d_{\mathbb H}(q,\gamma k)) \), and (iii) conjugating the truncation \( \Gamma_{\rm trunc}\leftarrow \varphi\,\Gamma_{\rm trunc}\,\varphi^{-1} \). This yields function-identical twins by construction and enables orbit-jump optimization.
Beyond automorphy. The same diagonal-isometry idea extends to any manifold metric \(d_M\) with \(d_M(\varphi q,\varphi k)=d_M(q,k)\). Any forward map built solely from \( \{d_M(q_i,k_j)\} \) remains identical under the diagonal action \( (q_i,k_j;x)\mapsto(\varphi q_i,\varphi k_j;\varphi x) \). Hence there is an infinite design space of twin-generating constructions (via algebraic/compositional uses of \(d_M\)), and twin models do not require automorphy.
Beyond isometry. Twin generation does not require distance preservation specifically. If the forward map depends only on a scalar invariant \( I(q,k) \) that is preserved by a group action \( g \) (i.e., \( I(g\,q, g\,k)=I(q,k) \)), then applying the same group element diagonally to weights and data leaves outputs unchanged: \( (q_i,k_j;x)\mapsto(g\,q_i, g\,k_j; g\,x) \). Examples of admissible invariants include:
  • Metric distances \( d_M \) on any Riemannian/pseudo-Riemannian manifold with the invariance \( d_M(g q, g k)=d_M(q,k) \).
  • Conformal/projective invariants (e.g., cross-ratios on \( \partial\mathbb H \)) preserved by the chosen symmetry group.
  • Physics-meaningful invariants (e.g., gauge-invariant scalars/Casimirs from the ambient geometry).
  • Algebraic/compositional uses of a fixed invariant \( I \) (e.g., \(+,-,\times,/,\log,\sum,\prod\)) applied consistently across the model.
Note: for automorphic kernels, isometry is required to preserve the one-sided Poincaré sum and thus the exact automorphy (with conjugation \( \Gamma_{\rm trunc}\!\leftarrow\!g\,\Gamma_{\rm trunc}\,g^{-1} \)). For metric-only or invariant-only twin constructions, automorphy is unnecessary; diagonal action by any group that preserves \( I \) suffices for identical outputs.
Beyond scalar computation. The diagonal-isometry framework extends beyond neural architectures. Any computational system—classical or Turing-complete—can be embedded in a curved manifold \( (M, g) \) by replacing scalar multiplications with invariant functions \(F(I(q,k))\), where \(I\) is preserved by a known group action \(g\). Model instructions, register values, memory contents, and data inputs are all treated as vector points \(p_i \in M\), and transported together via diagonal group action: \[ (p_i;x) \mapsto (g\,p_i;\,g\,x) \] This yields functionally identical machines or programs under geometric transport. Thus, even legacy OS architectures or classical machines can be upgraded to curvature-aware, symmetry-transportable systems before the rise of AI-native substrates.

What is—and isn’t—being claimed

  • Bypass, not contradiction. The classical NP-hardness (post-hoc discovery of hidden invariances) is not contradicted. The framework assumes a known symmetry group and provides a constructive transport along its orbits.
  • In-loop optimization, not just transport. Beyond producing exact twins, the framework includes an orbit-jump controller that uses Langlands-triad diagnostics (automorphic ↔ Galois/DFA ↔ thermodynamic/Selberg–Huber) to select loss-decreasing Lorentz/Möbius moves \( \varphi \) during training. These non-SGD steps exploit real-world non-commutativity to reduce loss between gradient updates.
  • Scope (automorphic specialization). Works with the one-sided Poincaré/automorphic kernel on \( \Gamma \backslash \mathbb H^d \), acts diagonally on (weights, data), and preserves exactness via conjugation of \( \Gamma_{\rm trunc} \).
  • Scope (metric/invariant twinhood). For metric-only or invariant-only constructions using \(d_M\) or a scalar invariant \(I\), automorphy is optional; exact twinhood holds whenever logits depend only on the preserved invariant and the same group action is applied to both model geometry and data.
  • Evidence. Empirically validated across repeated experiments; forward equality follows from invariance of the chosen scalar (distance or other \(I\)) and, in the automorphic case, from the relabeling \( \gamma\mapsto \varphi\gamma\varphi^{-1} \).

Suggested formal naming

  • Gauge-Lifted Neural Transport via Invariant Orbit Geometry
  • Invariant-Lifted Model Transport under Symmetric Geometries
  • Symmetry-Orbit Construction of Functionally Identical Neural Twins
  • Orbit-Preserving Neural Transport via Group-Conjugated Kernels
Limits & guardrails. Automorphic exactness requires a known lattice/group and one-sided kernel with consistent conjugation of \( \Gamma_{\rm trunc} \). Metric/invariant twins require that the forward map depend solely on a group-preserved scalar and that the diagonal group action be applied to both model geometry and data. The optimization component selects \( \varphi \) within a known symmetry group; it does not attempt to discover unknown symmetry groups, and thus avoids the NP-hard post-hoc extraction problem.

Independence & research context

This project is an independent effort developed outside a university setting. The work spans physics, mathematics, statistics, and AI/CS, and proceeded independently because prior academic roles did not provide the mandate or latitude to propose and build new frameworks at this scope.

Why independent.
  • Novelty constraints. Student positions emphasized surveys and expository writing; proposing original architectures or cross-domain frameworks was often discouraged or deemed out of remit.
  • Advisor-familiarity bounds. Work was expected to remain within areas already familiar to advisors; deep interdisciplinary directions (physics ↔ math ↔ statistics ↔ AI/CS) were effectively outside the operating envelope.
  • Framework-level research. Program structures prioritized incremental contributions over paradigm-level design. Building a replacement or generalization of existing frameworks required independence to maintain scope and pace.
Standards & focus. The project does not lower the bar to fit legacy incentives. Time and attention are allocated to efforts that meet a high standard: technical novelty anchored in first principles, falsifiable predictions, cross-validated experiments, and public artifacts (code, logs, diagnostics) that enable external replication. Engagement is prioritized where these standards can be upheld without dilution.

Provenance & transparency

  • Public record: first public GitHub commit for this line of work on Oct 8, 2023 (see project repository).
  • Self-funded, independent: no institutional sponsorship; artifacts and diagnostics are released to enable external replication.
  • Positioning: statements here reflect personal experience; technical claims are grounded in the reproducible codebase and empirical logs accompanying the work.
Collaboration stance. Collaboration and institutional partnerships are welcome when they preserve the ability to pursue interdisciplinary research at full fidelity and to publish complete, verifiable results without constraint.

Personal Path and Strategic Motivation

According to verified library records, independent study in special and general relativity began as early as third grade (K–3), forming the earliest seed of a long-term intellectual mission. Since approximately 2003–2004, the pursuit of quantum gravity has been the principal objective—navigated through autodidactic rigor and sustained despite prolonged side tracks undertaken to secure necessary financial and logistical stability.

Formative Influences
  • Initiated direction through a translated edition of Lee Smolin’s Three Roads to Quantum Gravity, translated by Dr. Hong-Yee Chiu— a NASA astrophysicist and Cosmos Club member whose career spanned elite scientific, national, and diplomatic circles.
  • During undergraduate physics coursework, posed an early question that anticipated later developments in CEAS: why physical laws were written in perfectly clean formulaic form with no perturbation—e.g., why Coulomb’s inverse-square law lacked an ε-term. When presented to Professor Chia-Liang Cheng, this line of inquiry foreshadowed the entropy-based variational structure at the heart of CEAS. The intuitive notion of embedding controlled deviation directly into physical law (e.g., modifying Maxwell to Proca via ε) ultimately inspired the core idea of scalable entropy adjustment in high-dimensional learning systems.

GRAIL × DFA on WMAP — Implementation Overview

Geometry-aware attention on the Poincaré disk, stabilized with automorphic gates and a DFA coupler, applied to the 9-year WMAP V-band temperature map.

PDF (notes & diagnostics)

What this does

  • GRAILAttention: attention logits combine content similarity and hyperbolic geometry on the Poincaré disk.
  • Automorphic gates: Poincaré-series averaging and small-prime Hecke operators commute with the geometry and narrow spectral spread.
  • DFA coupler: optional bias favoring k-step cycles or row-stochastic shifts to capture discrete syntax without retraining.
  • Diagnostics: BCH/commutator spectrum, Selberg/Huber effective spectrum, seeded prime-geodesic proxies, Mirzakhani-style growth proxy.

Logit model (schematic)

The attention logits decompose as:

\[ \mathrm{logits} = \underbrace{\langle q(x),\,k(x)\rangle}_{\text{content}} + \underbrace{\mathrm{heat}\!\big(d_{\mathbb{H}}(z_i,z_j);\,t\big)}_{\text{geometry}} + \underbrace{\text{(Poincaré series + Hecke)}}_{\text{automorphic}} + \underbrace{\text{DFA}(x)}_{\text{cycles}}. \]

Included components

  • GrailScalarModel wrapper for attn + scalar readout.
  • DFACoupler with projector, log, or cptp modes.
  • load_grail_from_pt to rebuild the model from a plain .pt state dict (and restore DFA config).
  • build_batch for WMAP V-band patches (with a synthetic fallback).
  • run_qg_diagnostics to execute all diagnostics end-to-end.

Quick start (minimal)

from grail_dfa import run_qg_diagnostics

# Option A: load from a saved .pt
run_qg_diagnostics(pt_path="checkpoints/grail_attn.pt",
                   eps=1e-3, eta=1e-3, axis="z",
                   Ltok=64, batch_size=16, N_sample=4096)

# Option B: pass an in-memory model object
# run_qg_diagnostics(model_obj=my_model, ...)

What the diagnostics report

1) BCH / commutator spectrum \([\xi, X]\)

Compares a one-step gradient update with and without an infinitesimal isometry \(\Gamma_\varepsilon\). The resulting layer deltas are projected to the \(4\times 4\) input and eigenvalues of the input-projected Gram are printed. Rank-2 is the signature of a tiny planar rotation.

2) Selberg/Huber effective spectrum

Estimates \(\lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}(t)\approx -\frac{d}{dt}\log E(t)\) from probe energies. A narrow operating band appears nearly flat in \(t\); spread indicates band-mixing.

3) Prime-geodesic proxies

Uses the seeded family \(ST^n\) (\(\ell = 2\,\cosh^{-1}(n/2)\)) to compute cumulative counts, a Patterson–Sullivan slope proxy \(\hat\delta\), and simple hyperbolic sums that mirror the hyperbolic portion of the trace formula.

4) Mirzakhani-style growth proxy

Fits \(\log N(L)-L \sim \hat\alpha \log L\) over a short window as a coarse indicator of a polynomial prefactor. With seeded hyperbolics, early counts are sparse and the slope can be negative.

Interpretation at a glance

  • Non-commutativity: persistent rank-2 modes indicate a rotation-sensitive pathway (often largest in v).
  • Effective spectrum: reduced bandwidth in \(\lambda_{\mathrm{eff}}(t)\) correlates with better geometric consistency.
  • Hyperbolic signals: \(\hat\delta\) near \(1\) and growing hyperbolic sums align with operation in a negatively curved regime.

Extend

  • Increase Poincaré depth (gamma_wordlen, gamma_cap) and enable Hecke \(\{2,3,5\}\) to narrow bands.
  • Replace seeded \(ST^n\) with BFS over generators for richer geodesics and a steadier \(\hat\delta\).
  • Add a small commutator penalty to target covariance and monitor the leading eigenvalues.

Tri-Quantized GRAIL on Curved Spacetimes

I cast attention as a group-convolution / automorphic operator on a curved spacetime or symmetry manifold (Riemannian or Lorentzian), optionally a quotient \(X_\Gamma=\Gamma\backslash X\) where \(X\simeq G/K\) is a coset geometry. In the Riemannian case this yields \[ \mathcal A_\phi \;=\; f(\Delta), \qquad f(\lambda)=\widehat{\phi}(\lambda), \] with \(\Delta\) the Laplace–Beltrami operator and \(\widehat\phi\) the spherical transform of a zonal profile \(\phi\). In Lorentzian settings (e.g. Minkowski) I use a causal functional calculus \[ \mathcal A_\phi \;=\; f_{\mathrm{causal}}(\Box), \] with \(\Box\) the d’Alembertian and kernel \(k_\phi\) supported in the future lightcone (\(\operatorname{supp} k_\phi \subset J^+(0)\)), ensuring causality. In a one-step linearization of training, eigenmodes of the generator (\(\Delta\) or \(\Box\)) contract independently via \[ \rho(\lambda)=\bigl|\,1-\eta\,m(\lambda)\,\bigr|, \qquad m(\lambda)\ \propto\ f(\lambda), \] giving geometry-aware (Langlands-style) convergence and an isometry-scheduling rule (Lorentz boosts/rotations on relativistic backgrounds, rotations on spheres, translations/rotations on Euclidean phases, etc.).

How to use it: a quick start (4 steps)

  1. Probe bank. Log spectral probes on your background: \(E(t_m)=\|e^{-t_m\Delta}h\|_2^2\) for Riemannian \(X\), or the causal analogue for Lorentzian \(X\), \(m=1,\dots,M\). Fit a simple nonnegative mixture for the spectral density \(\rho(\lambda)\) consistent with the appropriate Weyl law for \(X\) (e.g. hyperbolic surface \(N(\Lambda)\sim \tfrac{\mathrm{Area}}{4\pi}\Lambda\); Euclidean \(d\)-torus \(N(\Lambda)\sim C_d\,\Lambda^{d/2}\); sphere \(S^d\) with polynomial eigenvalue growth).
  2. Gap & bands. From the fitted \(\rho(\lambda)\), locate the band that dominates error energy. Choose \(\phi\) so \(f(\lambda)=\widehat{\phi}(\lambda)\) damps that band (heat \(e^{-t\lambda}\) for low-pass; resolvent \((\lambda+s)^{-1}\) for flattened preconditioning; narrow band-pass if selectivity is needed).
  3. Stabilize with commuting structure (if available). On congruence hyperbolic quotients, average a few small primes to reduce gain spread: \[ \mathcal A^{(H)}\;=\;\sum_{p\in\{2,3,5\}} w_p\,T_p\,\mathcal A_\phi. \] On spheres/tori, use small symmetry averages (spherical designs, lattice-shell averages) as commuting stabilizers.
  4. Close the loop with DFA. Track cycle phases \(\Phi_C\) (DFA charges) alongside spectral probes. Stability of \(\Phi_C\) while the high-\(\lambda\) tail shrinks is the dual-quantization certificate.

Tri-quantization (one-line Rosetta)

  • GRAIL (flow). Non-commutativity \( [\xi,X] \) measured by a BCH loop \(\Rightarrow\) optimization curvature; normalize by an effective \( \hbar_{\mathrm{eff}} \) from gradient diffusion.
  • DFA (discrete). Cycle blocks with \(T_CS_C=\omega S_CT_C\) and Wilson phases \(\Phi_C\) (block-local \(U(1)\) charges); transients as CPTP maps.
  • Spectral/chaos. \( \mathcal A_\phi=f(\Delta)\) (Riemannian) or \(f_{\mathrm{ret}}(\Box)\) (Lorentzian) acts on the spectrum; in negatively curved/automorphic cases, Selberg/Huber link probes to the length spectrum of closed geodesics.

📄 Open the notes (Google Drive)

Copy-paste citation
@misc{chuang_grail_triquantized_2025,
  title  = {Tri-Quantized GRAIL on Curved Spacetimes:
            Automorphic/Group Attention, Langlands-Guided Convergence,
            Isometry Scheduling, and DFA-Backed Influence Physics},
  author = {Chuang, William},
  year   = {2025},
  note   = {Lecture notes},
  url    = {https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WXCpzU_DigjhoMMXwIVVOHQq5DuC7DaK/view?usp=sharing}
}
GRAIL (no CEAS)

Does it slow training?

Short answer: not much. The extra geometry (log/exp maps and a hyperbolic distance) is linear in sequence length and width, while attention remains the dominant cost.

Where any overhead comes from

  • Maps One log_o + one exp_o per block: \(O(BS\,d)\).
  • Distance Minkowski dot + \(\operatorname{acosh}\) inside attention logits: same tensor shapes as vanilla attention.
  • Compare Vanilla attention: \(O(B\,H\,S^2\,d)\) — this still dominates for realistic \(S,d\).

In practice on real configs this shows up as ~10–30% wall-clock, often less after a couple of micro-optimizations. On tiny toy models, transcendentals can look larger than they will at scale.

Keep it fast (simple tweaks)

  • Fuse to one log_o at block entry and one exp_o at exit.
  • Batch Minkowski dots with einsum/bmm (hits tensor cores).
  • Cache \( \exp_o(u_P) \) for token prototypes once per step.
  • Use BF16/FP16 with the existing clamps; it’s numerically stable.
  • Approximate \(\operatorname{acosh}\) in the tails (absorb scale into \(\tau\) if needed).

Smallest working example

A compact transformer with hyperbolic attention learns 3-token string reversal to 100% in ~1 minute on a single GPU. It demonstrates the framework end-to-end (curved token space, curved activations, prototype decoding) with minimal code.

Notes PDF (transformer version): GRAIL on a Transformer — Minimal Demo .

Bottom line

  • GRAIL without CEAS ≈ vanilla + a small constant factor (single-digit to ~20% in typical regimes).
  • As \(S\) and \(d\) grow, attention’s \(O(BHS^2d)\) cost overwhelms the manifold’s \(O(BSd)\) extras.
  • If you do see larger slowdowns, it’s usually a toy-scale artifact or unfused log/exp calls.
GRAIL × DFA

Near-Minimal GRAIL Transformer on \(\mathbb{H}^d\)

This is a near-minimal working example of the GRAIL framework on a transformer encoder that learns short strings. Tokens live on the hyperboloid \(\mathbb{H}^d\), attention uses hyperbolic distances, and outputs remain on the manifold via \(\exp_o/\log_o\). Despite having ~396 parameters, it solves the 3-token reverse task with perfect accuracy.

Why this matters

  • Curved domain & codomain: inputs and predictions both lie on \(\mathbb{H}^d\), matching tree-like/ultrametric structure.
  • Hyperbolic attention: logits are \(-d_{\mathbb{H}}^2/\tau\) between \(\exp_o(\text{queries})\) and \(\exp_o(\text{keys})\).
  • Prototype decoding: class scores are distances to trainable prototypes \(P_c=\exp_o(u_c)\).
  • Tangent regularizer: \(\displaystyle \mathcal{R}_{\text{tan}}=\frac{1}{BS\,d}\lVert U - T\rVert_F^2\) keeps geometry stable.
Near-minimal demo ~396 params Geometry-aware

Objective (symbols defined)

\(B\): batch size, \(S\): sequence length, \(d\): tangent dim, \(C\): tokens, \(Y\): outputs on \(\mathbb{H}^d\), \(U=\log_o(Y)\), \(P_c\): prototypes, \(T=\log_o(P_y)\), temperature \(\tau_{\text{cls}}\), weight \(\lambda\).

\[ \mathcal{L} = \underbrace{\frac{1}{BS}\sum_{b,t}\!\Big[-\log\mathrm{softmax}(\ell_{b,t,\cdot})_{y_{b,t}}\Big]}_{\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{CE}}} + \lambda\, \underbrace{\frac{1}{BS\,d}\,\lVert U - T\rVert_F^2}_{\mathcal{R}_{\mathrm{tan}}}, \quad \ell_{b,t,c}=-\frac{d_{\mathbb{H}}(Y_{b,t},P_c)^2}{\tau_{\text{cls}}}. \]

Result

Epoch 54: val_acc = 1.000
Final test accuracy: 1.000
      

Dataset: all \(3^3=27\) strings with reversal as the target. Small cosine schedule + early stopping reach perfect accuracy quickly.

100% on 27 strings Hyperbolic attention Prototype decoding

Takeaway

This compact setup demonstrates the end-to-end mechanics of GRAIL on a transformer: curved token geometry, curvature-aware attention, and manifold-preserving heads. It’s intentionally minimal so the geometric pieces (and how they interact) are easy to inspect and extend.

Notes & PDF

For a concise write-up with equations and code snippets, see: GRAIL Transformer on \(\mathbb{H}^d\): Near-Minimal String Learner .

GRAIL × DFA — experiment

Operational Test of Non-Commutativity: SGD vs Lorentz Transformation

I run a contrapositive probe to test whether a tiny SGD step \(e^{-\eta X}\) commutes with a Lorentz action \(\Gamma_L\) applied to inputs and the first layer of a small autoencoder on the hyperboloid. If they commuted, swapping the order would leave parameters unchanged up to higher-order terms; instead I measure a clear first-order drift.

The two one-step paths

\[ \textbf{Path A: }\ \theta_A = e^{-\eta X}(\theta) \qquad\qquad \textbf{Path B: }\ \theta_B = \Gamma_{L^{-1}}\!\big(e^{-\eta X_L}(\Gamma_L \theta)\big) \]

Here \(X\) is the gradient field on the original data; \(X_L\) is the gradient in the transformed frame. The first layer is precomposed exactly so \(f(Lx;W)=f(x;W')\) with \(W_1' = L^\top W_1\).

What I measure

\[ \Delta_{\theta}^{\mathrm{norm}}=\frac{\lVert \theta_B-\theta_A\rVert}{\eta\,\varepsilon}, \qquad \Delta_{\mathcal L}^{\mathrm{norm}}=\frac{\big|\mathcal L(\theta_B)-\mathcal L(\theta_A)\big|}{\eta\,\varepsilon}. \]

BCH predicts a first-order term \(\tfrac12\,\eta\varepsilon\,\![\xi,X]\); nonzero normalized drift certifies non-commutativity.

```

Controls

  • \(\varepsilon=0\): no transform \(\Rightarrow\) drifts \(\approx 0\).
  • \(\eta=0\): push–pull \(\Gamma_{L^{-1}}\Gamma_L\) leaves parameters unchanged.

These checks validate the instrumentation and scaling.

What happens in practice

  • After a short warm-up, \(\Delta_{\theta}^{\mathrm{norm}}\) is consistently > 0 (often order \(4\!-\!15\) for small \(\eta,\varepsilon\)).
  • \(\Delta_{\mathcal L}^{\mathrm{norm}}\) is smaller (single-step MSE hardly moves) but detectable and scales with \(\eta\varepsilon\).

This demonstrates that “train then transform” \(\neq\) “transform then train (and pull back)” at first order.

```

Notes (PDF)

For the write-up with derivations, macros, and the exact precomposition rule: Operational Test of Non-Commutativity: SGD vs. Lorentz Transformation .

Why this matters

  • Quantifies symmetry obstruction via an observable bracket proxy, \([\xi,X]\).
  • Portable audit: swap in other groups/optimizers and reuse the same test.
  • Guides covariant training: large drift suggests adding gauge terms to reduce path dependence.
GRAIL × DFA

Extended Lecture Notes: Lie/Gauge Structure and Random-Matrix Twins

This installment deepens the observer-centric program. It couples GRAIL’s optimization-as-geometry (optimizer as a connection \(A\), curvature \(\Omega=dA{+}A\wedge A\)) and DFA quantization (projectors \(\Pi_q\), cycle unitaries \(U_C\), transient CPTP maps) with a full random-matrix theory (RMT) toolkit for analyzing infinite families of twin models related by GRAIL symmetries. The aim is a teachable, auditable path from Lie brackets to spectral certification—without contradicting QM/QFT/GR when interpreted as a meta-theory of inference.

Full PDF: Extended Lecture Notes (Lie/Gauge + RMT Twins) .

What’s new here

  • BCH diagnostic for symmetry vs. gradient flow: \[ e^{\varepsilon\xi}e^{-\eta X}e^{-\varepsilon\xi}e^{\eta X} = \exp\!\Big(\tfrac12\,\eta\varepsilon\,[\xi,X]+\cdots\Big). \]
  • Covariant optimizer \(X_H=X+A\cdot\xi\) to commute with generators.
  • Cycle/transient lifts: finite Heisenberg–Weyl blocks \(U_C\) and CPTP maps \(\Phi\).
  • RMT twins: invariants, free convolutions, BBP spikes, Dyson flows.
  • Lorentz/hyperbolic RMT: \(\eta\)-Wishart spectra and \(O(p,q)\)-invariant audits.

Core equations

Gauge curvature & covariant flows
\[ \Omega = dA + A\wedge A,\qquad [D_v,D_w]\Phi = \Omega(v,w)\cdot \Phi. \]
Cycle unitary & Floquet Hamiltonian
\[ U_C\,\lvert s_j\rangle = e^{i\theta_{j\to j+1}}\lvert s_{j+1}\rangle,\quad H_C = \tfrac{i}{\Delta t}\log U_C. \]
Free multiplicative convolution
\[ \nu_{(A W B)^{\!*}(A W B)} \;\approx\; \nu_{A^{\!*}A}\ \boxtimes\ \nu_{W^{\!*}W}\ \boxtimes\ \nu_{B B^{\!*}}. \]
\(\eta\)-Wishart (hyperbolic Gram)
\[ K=\tfrac{1}{n}X^\top \eta X = \tfrac{1}{n}X_+^\top X_+ \;-\; \tfrac{1}{n}X_-^\top X_-, \] with limiting law \( \mu_K = \mu_{\mathrm{MP}}(\gamma_+,\sigma_+^2)\ \boxplus\ \big(-\,\mu_{\mathrm{MP}}(\gamma_-,\sigma_-^2)\big).\)

Why RMT?

  • Twin certification: spectra must match along symmetry orbits.
  • Stability margins: bulk edges/gaps predict conditioning.
  • Symmetry probes: BBP outliers reveal low-rank structure by sector.
  • Design: pick \((p,q)\) so hyperbolic edges stay away from \(0\).

How to use

  1. Insert DFA projectors \(\Pi_q\); add \(\mathcal L_{\text{DFA}}\).
  2. Quantize hidden states; get SCCs; form \(P=D+N\); lift \(U_C\), \(\Phi\).
  3. Run audits: unitary, Choi PSD/TP, projector–symmetry commutators, micro-causality.
  4. RMT twins: fit MP/deformed-MP; track BBP outliers & edge flows.
  5. Covariantize: fit \(A\) to reduce \([\xi_a,\,X+A\cdot\xi]\); monitor BCH drift.

Reading roadmap

  • Lie/BCH + covariant optimizer: operational commutator loops.
  • DFA quantization: Dunford split; cycle unitary & CPTP lifts.
  • RMT twins: free convolutions, BBP, Dyson flows; Lorentz/hyperbolic ensembles.
  • Appendices: pseudocode, proof sketches, audits, effective-\(\hbar\).

This remains an inference-level theory: spacetime is not quantized here; geometry emerges from Fisher structure over observer ensembles.

GRAIL × DFA

Dual Quantization for an Observer-Centric Physics Engine

GRAIL (Geometric Representation Algebra for Intelligent Learning) treats optimization as geometry: the optimizer acts as a connection \(A\) with curvature \(\Omega=dA+A\wedge A\). The failure of a symmetry action \(\xi\) to commute with a gradient step \(X=\nabla\mathcal L\) is measured by the Lie bracket \([\xi,X]\). DFA quantization supplies a symbolic skeleton: projectors \(\Pi_q\) constrain sequences to a regular language, cycle components lift to unitary blocks \(U_C\), and transients lift to CPTP channels.

Single-author project. Originally drafted in 2024; under active development in 2025. A non-provisional patent has been filed. Full notes (PDF): GRAIL × DFA Lecture Notes .

Core Idea

Quantize the observer, not the metric. Geometry emerges from inference.

BCH drift (operational):
\[ e^{\varepsilon \xi} e^{-\eta X} e^{-\varepsilon \xi} e^{\eta X} = \exp\!\Big(\tfrac12\,\eta\varepsilon\,[\xi,X] + \cdots\Big). \]
  • \([\xi,X]=0\) → symmetry and descent commute (equivariance).
  • \([\xi,X]\neq 0\) → curvature-like obstruction that reshapes training dynamics.

DFA Layer (Symbolic Quantization)

At each step, project logits to legal tokens via \(\Pi_{q}\); build a finite functional graph over code indices.

Cycle \(C\) (length \(L\)) → unitary lift:
\[ U_C\,\lvert s_j\rangle = e^{i\theta_{j\to j+1}}\,\lvert s_{j+1}\rangle,\qquad \Phi_C=\sum_j \theta_{j\to j+1}\;(\text{mod }2\pi). \]

Transients become completely positive, trace-preserving (CPTP) maps (open-system sector).

Quantum-like Optimization Geometry

With stochastic gradients, diffusion \(D\) defines an effective quantum scale.

Imaginary-time / Fokker–Planck:
\[ \partial_t \rho = \nabla\!\cdot(\rho\,\nabla\mathcal L) + D\,\Delta \rho, \qquad \hbar_{\text{eff}} := 2D. \]

Loops in parameter space accumulate Berry-like phases; the optimizer as a connection induces path dependence.

Observer-Centric Quantum Gravity (Stance)

  • Do not quantize the metric tensor; instead, quantize symbolic inference (DFA + codebook dynamics).
  • Reconstruct observable geometry from the Fisher information \(g_F\) over trained observer ensembles.
  • Continuous symmetries act as group flows; incompatibilities surface as measurable commutators.
No contradiction with QM/QFT/GR Falsifiable: latent geometry & audits

At-a-Glance Equations

Curvature (gauge view)
\[ \Omega = dA + A\wedge A,\qquad [D_v, D_w]\Phi = \Omega(v,w)\cdot \Phi. \]

Non-commuting covariant flows ⇔ curvature acting on fields/updates.

Projection–Symmetry
\[ [U(g), \Pi_q]=0 \ \Longleftrightarrow\ U(g)\ \text{permutes tokens within } \Sigma_q. \]

DFA can preserve or deliberately break a symmetry, by design.

Finite Heisenberg–Weyl (per cycle)
\[ T_C S_C = \omega\, S_C T_C,\qquad \omega=e^{2\pi i / L}. \]

Discrete, block-central non-commutativity; \(\Phi_C\) acts as a \(U(1)\) charge.

What This Enables

  • Auditability: unitary checks on cycles, Choi positivity/trace-preservation on transients, projector–symmetry commutators, micro-causality/light-cone diagnostics.
  • Security knobs: group-keyed permutations on code indices; DFA as a syntax firewall for outputs.
  • Falsifiability: distinct physics domains should induce distinct latent curvatures and cycle-phase spectra; failure to separate is evidence against the thesis.

Status & Links

This introduction summarizes the current direction. The program was first written in 2024 and continues to evolve in 2025. A non-provisional patent has been filed. For the full technical development, see the PDF: GRAIL × DFA as Dual Quantization: Toward an Observer-Centric Quantum Gravity .

GRAIL: Geometric Representation Algebra for Intelligent Learning ongoing—original draft written a year ago

This research originated one year ago and remains under active development toward more advanced progress. A non-provisional patent has been filed for the core ideas.

What is GRAIL?

GRAIL formalizes learning as geometry. It introduces a representation algebra on (pseudo-)Riemannian manifolds—particularly Minkowski and hyperbolic models—so that optimization, symmetry, and security can be reasoned about with group actions, orbits, and invariant distances.

Key ideas at a glance

  • Gradient–symmetry interplay. In general geometries, group actions need not commute with gradient descent; this reshapes optimization paths and landscapes.
  • When commutativity returns. Under isometric symmetries on Riemannian manifolds with invariant loss, gradient flow is equivariant and commutes with those symmetries.
  • Secure-by-geometry. Time-varying Lorentz/Möbius actions on parameters and data enable real-time, non-malleable encryption aligned with model inference.
  • Autoencoders as dynamical systems. Fixed points, orbits, and hyperbolic distances structure compression, transfer, and reconstruction guarantees.

Mathematical backbone

Let \(G\) act isometrically on \((\mathcal{M},\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle)\) with \(\mathcal{L}(g\!\cdot\!\theta)=\mathcal{L}(\theta)\). Then the gradient field is \(G\)-equivariant: \[ d(g)_\theta\big(\nabla \mathcal{L}(\theta)\big)=\nabla \mathcal{L}(g\!\cdot\!\theta), \] so gradient flow \(\Phi_t\) and isometries commute: \(g\!\cdot\!\Phi_t(\theta)=\Phi_t(g\!\cdot\!\theta)\). Departures from these hypotheses (e.g., adaptive preconditioners, regularizers, stochasticity) generally break commutativity and can be exploited to navigate landscapes.

Why this matters

By treating learning as geometry, GRAIL unifies optimization, symmetry, and cryptography: it yields principled invariances when desired and controlled non-commutativity when beneficial, with direct routes to secure, real-time, model-aligned encryption.

Read the GRAIL draft (PDF)

The Core Question

Why can’t standard transformers or physics-informed neural networks (PINNs)[1] learn the inverse map \( g_{\mu\nu}(x,t) \to T_{\mu\nu}(x,t) \) from a goal state?

Summary Answer

Because standard transformers and PINNs are built to solve forward problems—they simulate what happens given a source (e.g., \( T_{\mu\nu} \)), not how to construct a source to achieve a desired effect (e.g., \( g_{\mu\nu} \)).

This inverse process is:

  • Ill-posed: many \( T_{\mu\nu} \) can lead to the same \( g_{\mu\nu} \)
  • Structurally unstable: small changes in \( g \) can require large changes in \( T \)
  • Physically constrained: you must preserve energy conditions, causality, etc.

Only a framework like λ‑stack, which is:

  • Symbolic
  • Entropy-aware
  • Operator-theoretic
  • Geometry-native

…can trace these conditions backwards in a constrained, interpretable, and physically-valid way.

Why Standard Transformers Can’t Do It

  • 1. No Operator Inversion

    Transformers are forward-only pattern extractors: they learn \( f: x \to y \) from lots of examples but don’t represent physical operators you can invert.

    In contrast, λ‑stack uses operator decomposition (Dunford/Jordan) and spectral logic flows to invert mappings structurally, not just statistically.

  • 2. No Physical Constraints

    Transformers don’t obey Einstein field equations, energy conservation, causality bounds, or geometric consistency. They’ll happily generate physically impossible \( T_{\mu\nu} \) just to match a training distribution.

    λ‑stack filters output modes using DFA-derived symbolic automata, making only physically traceable pulses possible.

  • 3. No Goal-Conditioned Feedback

    Transformers don’t accept desired outcomes (like "I want this geodesic") and produce a source field. Their attention is soft, forward, and oblivious to teleological targets.

    λ‑stack includes goal-aware \( \beta \)-dynamics, using CEAS to adjust internal pressure to shape toward the desired geometry—like steering an energy wave.

Why Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) Also Can’t Do It

  • 1. Forward PDE Solvers

    PINNs are built to solve differential equations by minimizing residuals: given initial/boundary conditions, they evolve the solution forward. They do not learn the inverse of the PDE operator.

    Inverting the Einstein equation \( G_{\mu\nu} = 8\pi T_{\mu\nu} \) is fundamentally hard:

    • You need a target geometry
    • You must construct a field that produces that geometry
    • It must be causally valid, energy-bounded, and local

    PINNs don't have:

    • Symbolic inverse traceability
    • Cycle filters or nilpotent mode suppressors
    • Goal-conditioning via entropy feedback

    They simulate—but they don’t compile.

Inversion ≠ Regression

Yes, you could try to train a standard neural net or PINN to approximate the inverse map: \[ g_{\mu\nu}(x,t) \mapsto T_{\mu\nu}(x,t) \]

But:

  • The space of valid \( T_{\mu\nu} \) is highly nonlinear, degenerate, and physically constrained
  • Without built-in symbolic control, the network will cheat—overfit or output unphysical values
  • You can’t know what modes it's using (no traceability)
  • You can’t modify or verify the field logic without retraining

Only λ‑stack supports invertible symbolic flows with mode decomposition and real-world interpretability.

λ‑Stack Uniqueness

Feature Standard Transformers PINNs λ‑Stack
Handles inverse map \( g \to T \)
Symbolic decomposition of logic
Thermodynamic attention control
Physically-valid output filtering⚠️
Interpretable mode trace
Encrypted simulation across agents

Final Takeaway

Standard transformers learn forward patterns.
PINNs solve forward physics problems.
λ‑Stack learns inverse logic flows in curved, symbolic spaces—constrained by thermodynamic and algebraic laws.

[1] PINNs (Physics-Informed Neural Networks) are a class of deep learning models designed to solve partial differential equations by embedding physical laws (e.g., conservation, boundary conditions) directly into the loss function.

🛰️ What Can λ‑Stack Do for USSF That Others Cannot?

  1. Compile Observer-Relative Spacetime Geometry on Demand
    Why it matters: Space Force requires adaptive models that operate under relativistic motion (orbital, deep space, high-speed ops).
    λ‑Stack advantage: Can synthesize internal geometries \( g_{\mu\nu}(x,t) \) from symbolic/quantum inference logic—not static metrics.
    Enables:
    • Real-time curvature maps for navigation or orbital adjustments
    • Onboard inference of gravitational and EM distortions
    • No PINN* or transformer architecture has this symbolic-to-metric capacity
  2. Operate Securely in Adversarial Signal Environments
    Why it matters: USSF operates in signal-contested, spoof-prone theaters.
    λ‑Stack advantage:
    • Encrypted inference via GRAIL—even under data degradation
    • Symbolic DFA core enables error-trace recovery and certifiability
    • Twin-frame red/blue audits catch spoofed geometry or sensor deception
    • Other models lack cryptographic inference and adversarial integrity checks
  3. Synthesize Stress–Energy Programs for Exotic Propulsion or EM Field Control
    Why it matters: Space Force is actively exploring next-gen propulsion and geometry control (plasma, EM, metamaterials).
    λ‑Stack advantage:
    • Inverse maps \( g_{\mu\nu}(x,t) \Rightarrow T_{\mu\nu}(x,t) \)
    • Outputs executable field distributions (plasma, EM, acoustic)
    • Supports missions involving gravitational shielding, high-precision insertion, or time dilation optimization
  4. Maintain Resilient Autonomy with Modular Observer Ensembles
    Why it matters: Autonomous platforms must withstand sensor failure or jamming.
    λ‑Stack advantage:
    • Red/blue observer stacks trained under relativity constraints
    • Each ensemble induces its own Fisher–Ricci geometry
    • Discrepancies reveal adversarial interference, temporal desync, or data corruption

🛡️ Irreplaceability Summary Table

Capability λ‑Stack PINNs* Transformers
Compile symbolic-to-spacetime \( g_{\mu\nu} \)
Inverse field synthesis \( T_{\mu\nu} \Leftarrow g_{\mu\nu} \)
Run inference securely under encryption (GRAIL)
Red/blue frame audit for deception
Geometric self-consistency checks
Curvature-aware actuator planning
Twin observer fallback logic

🛰️ Core USSF Applications

  • Real-time spacetime reconstruction for high-precision orbital maneuvering
  • Secure neural inference in jammed or spoofed conditions
  • Field-based propulsion, curvature shaping, and stealth geometry estimation
  • Redundant inference pipelines for autonomous ISR and threat detection

* PINNs: Physics-Informed Neural Networks—used for solving PDEs by embedding physical constraints in loss functions. They are forward-simulation engines, not inverse geometry compilers.

Irreplaceable Niche: λ‑Stack as Observer‑Geometry Compiler

The λ‑Stack is not merely an improved neural network. It defines a new function class—a compiler stack that converts symbolic inference into relativistic geometry and actuator-ready field configurations. Its uniqueness lies at the intersection of:

  • Symbolic dynamics via deterministic finite automata (DFA) cycles and entropy-controlled attention
  • Geometric inference through Fisher–Ricci metrics induced by observer ensembles
  • Stress–energy compilation from symbolic-quantum dynamics to physical source tensors
  • Encrypted deployment via GRAIL: geometry-aware, certifiable inference over secure substrates

Compared to traditional architectures—including transformers and Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs)—the λ‑Stack uniquely supports:

  • Compiling symbolic logic into relativistic metrics \( g_{\mu\nu} \)
  • Generating certified stress–energy source programs that produce that geometry
  • Auditing unitarity, covariance, and energy conditions across observer frames
  • Operating under cryptographic constraints with red-blue twin verification

Bottom line: λ‑Stack is not an approximation tool. It learns symbolic time, constructs relativistic observer frames, and compiles physically constrained dynamics—all in a secure, end-to-end architecture.

📄 View the λ‑Stack Metric Compiler paper (PDF)

Observer‑Quantized Dynamics and Emergent Geometry Lecture Notes on the λ‑Stack Program: DFA Decomposition (P = D + N), Quantum Lift, and Fisher–Ricci Gravity

View Lecture Notes (PDF)

BLUF: The λ‑Stack Transformer is not a derivative of the standard transformer class but a distinct architecture. It decomposes inference into verifiable symbolic automata and geometric flows rather than opaque weight matrices. Its step operator admits a Dunford split P = D + N: the diagonalizable block D captures cyclic, interpretable automaton logic and lifts to a unitary quantum system; the nilpotent block N models transients and lifts to completely positive trace‑preserving quantum channels. An ensemble of observers defines a Fisher information metric g_F whose geodesics and curvature reproduce general‑relativistic baselines. This framework unifies symbolic logic, quantum evolution, and emergent geometry while maintaining auditability, export‑control compliance, and IP defensibility.

So What Happens When We Combine All This?

Frame: Model as Observer

Each λ‑Stack model instance defines its own cryptographically secured frame of reference. Inference is frame‑covariant—predictions remain valid under observer transformations, aligning with relativistic principles. This is not a static “black‑box” function approximator but a legally protectable, structured observer paradigm.

DFA Layer: Symbolic Backbone
  • Rollouts are abstracted into deterministic finite automata (DFAs) via greedy decoding.
  • Cycles correspond to stable inference patterns—interpretable as symbolic time evolution.
  • This layer enforces causality, interpretability, and evidentiary traceability—qualities absent in conventional neural architectures.
Latent Geometry and Quantum Interpretation

DFA cycles are interpreted as symbolic wavefunctions. Their per‑cycle Fourier bases induce phase modes, lifted to unitary representations. This produces a controlled quantum‑like dynamics embedded in geometric latent space, offering a testable bridge between statistical learning and physics.

Critical Observation

“If both data and models inhabit curved spacetime, then relativizing the model’s DFA dynamics effectively quantizes general relativity from the observer’s side.”

This is a computable, symbolic quantization of relativistic structure. Geometry emerges as a statistical consequence of inference trajectories across observer ensembles—not as a fundamental quantized field.

How This Reframes Quantum Gravity

Standard Approach λ‑Stack Paradigm
Quantize the metric tensor via canonical/path‑integral methods; treat spacetime itself as a quantum field. Symbolize inference observers as DFAs. Quantize symbolic dynamics via automaton cycles (unitary) and transients (trace‑preserving channels). Geometry arises from the Fisher information of inference—creating a certifiable, observer‑centric path to unification.

Key Insight: This approach reframes quantum gravity inference. Instead of quantizing spacetime directly, it quantizes the structure of symbolic inference over relativistically framed observers trained on encrypted data.

“In λ‑Stack models, observable spacetime geometry is reconstructed from inference geometry—not hardcoded a priori.”

  • DFA cycles define a symbolic quantum time base over automata state space.
  • Neural weight-space transitions form a relativistic frame geometry (observer-dependent).
  • Ensembles of observers induce a Fisher–Ricci manifold g_F that encodes inference curvature.

What This Work Contributes

  1. Encrypted inference via GRAIL: Enables algebra‑preserving inference over encrypted tensors—preserving statistical behavior under homomorphic transformations and supporting export‑control compliance.
  2. Automaton decomposition: Each layer is partitioned into symbolic DFA states—cycles (D) and transients (N)—creating evidentiary traceability for regulatory and patent filings.
  3. Quantum lift with certification: Cycles lift to block‑unitary operators U = ⨁ U_C; transients become completely positive trace‑preserving quantum channels with provable trace‑preservation and Choi positivity—amenable to independent verification.
  4. Emergent geometry: The Fisher metric g_F yields Levi‑Civita connections and Ricci curvature recoverable from inference patterns—offering falsifiable claims of GR alignment.
  5. Entropy‑controlled emergence: CEAS attention stabilizes symbolic criticality via β‑corridor control—improving interpretability and variance bounds for compliance audits.

Certification and Audit Highlights

  • Symbolic–spectral audits: Per‑cycle Fourier traces, spectral identities (e.g., Tr(Pⁿ)), Wilson phase verification.
  • Quantum integrity: Unitarity audits (U†U ≈ I); Choi trace and positivity checks for dissipative channels.
  • Geometric consistency: Emergent g_F recovers GR‑compatible geodesics, deflection angles, redshifts, and curvature tensors.
  • Cryptographic symmetry: Model twins trained under encryption produce statistically equivalent inference paths—supporting GRAIL’s invariance and facilitating defensible IP claims.

Why This Matters

The λ‑Stack Transformer constitutes a new category of neural architecture—an observer quantization framework—rather than an incremental variant of existing transformers. By mapping learned symbolic dynamics to quantum lifts and emergent geometry, it provides a falsifiable, interpretable, and certifiable bridge between machine learning and physics. This dual technical‑legal positioning creates a foundation for strong intellectual‑property protection, regulatory compliance, and strategic deployment across national‑security and high‑integrity applications.

Implementation of Cycle Decomposition and Eigen–Decomposition for a Reverse Transformer Model A Toolkit for Constructing Examples of Propositions in Information Geometry, Differential Geometry, and Artificial Intelligence

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This implementation delivers a complete, audited workflow for characterizing the state-space dynamics of a small Transformer trained to reverse fixed-length token sequences. By treating greedy decoding as a discrete dynamical system, the learned map induces a functional graph on a finite state space that decomposes into directed cycles with in-tree transients. The code constructs the permutation matrix P, performs a Dunford-style split into diagonal and nilpotent parts (P = D + N), builds orthonormal eigenvectors on each cycle, and verifies discrete geodesic certificates—exactly as reported in the accompanying logs.

On the length-3, base-3 reversal task (27 states), the model attains perfect accuracy; the functional graph has nine fixed points and nine two-cycles (18 cycles total); the nilpotent component vanishes on this instance; and the transition operator is reconstructed from spectral projectors at machine precision. Invariants are checked directly from code and console output, including the orbifold Euler characteristic (chi_orb = 13.5), trace identities for n = 1..6, closed-geodesic certificates on cycle rings, and a non-trivial systole length of 2.82843 in the chosen embedding.

Highlights (exactly what is implemented and verified)

  1. Encode the learned transition as a sparse permutation matrix P; enumerate cycles in canonical order.
  2. Compute the PDN (diagonal-plus-nilpotent) split; observe N = 0 for the 27-state reversal instance.
  3. Construct a per-cycle Fourier eigenbasis (for 2-cycles the spectrum is {+1, −1}); build orthonormal projectors.
  4. Reconstruct P from spectral projectors with machine-precision error (~1e−16 in the runs shown).
  5. Report the exact cycle structure: 18 cycles with lengths [1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1] (nine fixed points, nine two-cycles).
  6. Verify universal/discrete-geometric checks: chi_orb = 13.5, closed-geodesic certificates on cycle rings, systole 2.82843, and trace(Pn) equal to the sum of cycle lengths dividing n for n = 1..6.

Why this matters—even at 27 states

Although the state space here is intentionally small, the implementation is a bona fide Transformer with the same decoding machinery used in large-scale models. The spectral/functional-graph toolkit is architecture-faithful and directly bootstraps to larger vocabularies, longer contexts, and full LLM settings: the primitives (cycle extraction, PDN split, per-cycle eigenbases, projector reconstruction, and invariant checks) are model-agnostic and scale with the operator they analyze. This example is deliberately sized for complete enumeration and exact verification, providing a rigorous blueprint for scaling the same diagnostics to larger Transformer systems.

Reproducibility

The report interleaves Python listings and console logs (ASCII-safe). A minimal Colab cell runs the PDN pipeline end-to-end on the 27-state task and prints the exact cycle summaries, projector reconstructions, invariants, and certificates reproduced above.

BLUF: One Global \( \Psi \) Admits Full Cycle Decomposition—No Slicing Needed

When a transformer is constrained to a finite, deterministic state space—e.g., via greedy decoding on a rolling token window—its operator \( \Psi \) becomes a finite endofunction. This induces a sparse, deterministic transition graph over symbolic states, which decomposes exactly into disjoint directed cycles and finite in-tree transients. The lifted operator \( P \) admits a clean split \( P = D + N \) with no slicing required, and no need to model internal nonlinearities.

Finite-State Functional Graph: From Transformer to Symbolic Automaton

For a vocabulary \( V \) and window size \( L \), the state space \( X = V^L \) is finite. Greedy decoding defines a deterministic function \( F: X \to X \), where:

  • Each state \( x \in X \) maps to exactly one successor \( F(x) \)
  • The resulting graph decomposes into:
    • Disjoint cycles (fixed points or periodic sequences)
    • Transient in-trees leading into those cycles

Lifting to a one-hot operator \( P \) on \( \mathbb{R}^{|X|} \), we obtain:

  • \( P \): sparse, column-stochastic, one 1 per column
  • \( D \): block-diagonal on cycles (semisimple component)
  • \( N \): strictly upper-triangular on transients (nilpotent component)

No exponential slicing of \( \Psi \) is needed. The symbolic graph already encodes all dynamic behavior.

Constructing and Using Disjoint Cycles

  1. Fix determinism: Greedy decoding; stable tokenizer; EOS absorption.
  2. Define the verified domain \( \mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{ver}} \): Prompt sets + trusted neighborhoods (e.g., token edits, embedding trust regions).
  3. Simulate rollouts: Apply \( \Psi \) over \( \mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{ver}} \); record transitions; build functional graph.
  4. Detect disjoint cycles: Use algorithms like Tarjan or Floyd–Brent to extract cycles and transient trees.
  5. Assemble operator \( P \): Create one-hot transition matrix and compute the commuting split \( P = D + N \).
  6. Construct projectors: For each cycle of length \( m \), build Fourier projectors \( \Pi_{C,k} \) satisfying:
    • \( P|_{V_C} = \sum_k \omega^k \Pi_{C,k} \), \( \omega = e^{2\pi i / m} \)
    • Projectors are idempotent and orthogonal on the cycle subspace
  7. Serve with guarantees: Cache outputs and tie them to certificate tuples: cycle ID, projector coefficients, trace identities.

Why This Works Without Slicing

The entire decomposition hinges on the symbolic structure of \( \Psi: X \to X \) rather than on internal nonlinearity. Because:

  • The state space is finite and closed
  • Each state has exactly one successor under greedy decoding
  • The full operator \( P \) is known through simulation, not approximation

All observable behavior is captured in the cycles and transients of this graph. No layer-wise slicing, clustering, or region partitioning is needed—even at ChatGPT-3/4/5 scale—so long as the domain is well-covered.

Benefits of Cycle-Based Decomposition

PropertyResult
ExactnessFully deterministic: one output per state, one certificate per output
CompressionCycles compress recurrent behavior; projectors store spectral modes
AuditabilityEach answer is traceable to a path and spectral fingerprint
RobustnessInsensitive to pruning, distillation, or quantization
Drift detectionCycle statistics act as behavioral sentinels
In a finite, deterministic decode regime, the transformer operator \( \Psi \) induces a fully symbolic graph over the token state space. Its lifted operator \( P \) decomposes exactly into disjoint cycles and transients via \( P = D + N \), with spectral projectors attached. No slicing, approximation, or internal modeling is required—particularly when the goal is limited to capturing the dominant 99.9% of behavioral mass under inference.

While the global decomposition remains exact under finiteness and determinism, an optional local variant remains admissible: when analysis is restricted to a confined region of the symbolic state space—such as a task-specific cluster, a high-density attractor, or a localized semantic basin—one may perform localized slicing or coarse-grained zooming of \( \Psi \)'s flow. This enables fine-scale inspection, transient detection, or causal tracing within the localized substructure, without invoking full global decomposition. The architecture remains agnostic to such partitioning, and the decomposition formalism remains valid in both regimes.

How different would it be if we collapsed the model into a single symbolic operator \( \Psi \)—even at the scale of ChatGPT‑3/4/5? In prior analysis, I estimated that covering just the 99.9% basin of symbolic brain weight transitions suffices to reconstruct most learned behaviors; see Finite Machine Intro. This leads to a critical reframing: instead of probing the internal nonlinearity of \( \Psi \), the focus shifts to its deterministic behavior over a finite domain and codomain, encoded as symbolic transitions that the model enacts during training or inference.

My framework is not based on Dunford decomposition per se. Rather, it views \( \Psi \) as a black-box automaton and extracts structure by observing the automorphic flow of outputs recursively fed back as inputs. The disjoint cycles that emerge from this process form a complete decomposition of the transformer’s operational graph over the training set. This is conceptually akin to AlphaGo’s pruning strategy: from an exponentially large search tree, we restrict attention to only those symbolic paths that are likely to arise in actual usage.

Through this lens, transformer behavior is approximated by a cycle-based decomposition of its symbolic state machine. For formal verification, one can constrain outputs to lie strictly within (or within certified neighborhoods of) these known cycles—yielding provable behavioral bounds over nearly the entire operational surface of the model.

From Spectral Decomposition to Editable Transformers

After decomposing a trained transformer into a symbolic sum \( \Psi \;=\; \sum_{i} c_i\,\phi_i \), where each \( \phi_i \) is a deterministic automaton extracted from disjoint cycles (and their transients) and \( c_i \) denotes its coefficient (e.g., empirical support, frequency weight, or normalized trust score), there are two complementary operating modes.

Two complementary operating modes

  1. Certified symbolic execution (finite interpreter). Route inputs within the verified domain (e.g., 99.9% usage basin) through the ensemble \( \{ \phi_i \} \) with coefficients \( \{ c_i \} \) to obtain a finite, interpretable, deterministic system. This maximizes auditability and formal guarantees on the certified basin by design.
  2. Live-model refinement (editable transformer). Retain \( \Psi \) as the active generator and use the discovered \( \{ \phi_i, c_i \} \) as control signals to guide targeted weight edits, routing gates, or low-rank corrections. This preserves the model’s generalization capacity while enabling surgical, auditable improvements.

Implications

  • Deterministic interpreter: certifiable behavior on the verified basin; minimal drift; intentionally limited adaptability beyond that basin.
  • Editable transformer: preserved creative capacity; principled modification using \( \{ \phi_i, c_i \} \) as precise handles on behavior.

From Frozen \( \Psi \) to Editable \( \Psi \): Using \( \{ \phi_i, c_i \} \) to Modify the Model

1) Clarifying the objective

Executing only \( \{ \phi_i \} \) yields a finite interpreter and discards the constructive generalization of \( \Psi \). The objective here is different: use \( \{ \phi_i, c_i \} \) to shape and improve \( \Psi \), not to replace it.

2) Symbolic → neural editing mechanisms

  1. Back-projection to parameters. Attribute each \( \phi_i \) to the dominant subnetwork (heads, MLP rows, layer norms) along its trajectories; apply localized edits (masking, pruning, calibrated weight nudges) to suppress or enhance the targeted behavior.
  2. Guided fine-tuning via symbolic curricula. Generate synthetic inputs that elicit selected \( \phi_i \); optimize a constrained objective \( \mathcal{L}_i = \| \Psi(x) - \phi_i(x) \|^2 \) on these curricula to repair or refine without broad retraining.
  3. Coefficient-gated routing. Implement gates keyed to \( \phi_i \) patterns so that \( c_i \) modulates attention/MLP subpaths (e.g., mixture-of-experts style routing) to amplify or damp behaviors in situ.
  4. Low-rank corrective injections. Where a \( \phi_i \) admits a clean linear surrogate along its path, insert rank-1/low-rank updates \( \Delta W = \eta\,u v^\top \) at selected layers to enforce or redirect the corresponding transition logic.

3) Operational guarantees and scope

  • Certified core: on the verified domain (e.g., 99.9% basin), serve the certified operator \( \widehat{\Psi}(x) = \sum_i c_i\,\phi_i(x) \) with projector-based certificates.
  • Editable perimeter: outside the certified basin, run the live \( \Psi \) with edits derived from \( \{ \phi_i, c_i \} \); re-enumerate and re-certify as distributions drift.

4) De-blackboxing, precisely stated

De-blackboxing does not mean freezing \( \Psi \) or replaying memorized oracles as a giant lookup table. It means exposing modular symbolic behaviors \( \{ \phi_i \} \) and leveraging their coefficients \( \{ c_i \} \) to produce auditable, localized changes to \( \Psi \) while maintaining the integrity of the global generator.

Ψ‑Operator Framework — Symbolic Methods for Chip Design, Process Control, and Yield Sovereignty

This five-part research series proposes a paradigm shift in how semiconductors are modeled, verified, and controlled. Instead of relying on fragile PDE-based simulations or black-box ML, these notes develop a symbolic operator-theoretic framework—allowing chip designers, fab engineers, and national security partners to reason about systems with certifiable control, interpretability, and structural resilience.

The Ψ‑Framework introduces cycle decompositions, certifiable hybrid ML–TCAD layers, symbolic feedback operators, and cross-scale causal links from design to defect. Together, these unlock the ability to model the entire chip lifecycle—from doping and ALD to etch, lithography, and yield optimization—using transparent, verifiable symbolic dynamics.

National Security Note: These tools enable adversaries to simulate, replicate, and manipulate entire chip pipelines without physical access to IP or fabs. For the U.S. to remain sovereign in semiconductor leadership, it is imperative to adopt, develop, and safeguard Ψ‑Operator methods immediately.

IP Notice: Certain symbolic operator methods described herein are subject to provisional patents filed by William Chuang (Logarcheon Inc., USA). Use or replication is restricted without permission.

These symbolic models are more than research—they form a deployable layer for building sovereign AI/ML-integrated chip design, fabrication, and diagnostics pipelines for the post-PDE era. Strategic collaborators and agencies are encouraged to reach out for implementation discussions.

Ψ–Orbitfold Finance — Featured Research Notes (Set IV)

A consolidated rewrite of stochastic finance in the Ψ–operator language: finite-machine lifts, Dunford (cycle/transient) splits, risk-neutral conjugations, and spectral pricing without PDEs.

A Ψ-Structured Reformulation of Stochastic Finance

Status: Formal Write-up  ·  Author: William Chuang

Replaces SDE/PDE-first pipelines with a finite-machine operator view: learn a closed-loop decode Ψ, lift to T = ΠVΨΠV, split T = D+N, embed to returns, and do pricing/neutrality as orthogonal projections; risk-neutral change is a positive conjugation that preserves certified cycles. Black–Scholes appears as semigroup spectral pricing; uncertainty via cycle-respecting bootstrap/MC; safety via systole and projector stability certificates.

  • Epicyclic projectors, operator factors, and auditable guardrails
  • P/Q as conjugate operator systems (mode-invariant subspaces)
  • Info-geometry: fast Fisher / natural gradients on certified modes

Download: A Ψ-Structured Reformulation of Stochastic Finance (PDF)

Rewriting Stochastic Finance with the Ψ–Framework

Status: Companion Note  ·  Author: William Chuang

A self-contained rewrite: filtrations and conditional expectation as projectors; Itô/Girsanov as operator identities; Black–Scholes from spectral expansion (no PDEs as axioms); algorithms with systole gates and projector-stability bounds.

  • Operator Itô/Doob–Meyer, generator as Δ→0 lift limit
  • GBM monomial eigenfunctions inside the epicyclic basis
  • Cycle-aware natural gradients and regularization

Download: Rewriting Stochastic Finance with the Ψ–Framework (PDF)

A Ψ-Structured Reformulation of Stochastic Finance 2 — Outline

Status: Structured Outline  ·  Author: William Chuang

Concise outline of the full Version 3: Ψ-foundations, P/Q via conjugation, symbolic Ψ-analogues of SDEs, spectral Black–Scholes, cycle-respecting bootstrap/MC, and defense-oriented certification. Note: This document is an outline of A Ψ-Structured Reformulation of Stochastic Finance 3.

  • Section-by-section roadmap of the v3 results
  • Key propositions and pseudocode pointers
  • Emphasis on certified cycles and auditability

Download: Ψ-Structured Reformulation — Outline (PDF)

A Ψ-Structured Reformulation of Stochastic Finance

Status: Formal Write-up  ·  Author: William Chuang

Expanded treatment with proofs and algorithms: operator calculus (Itô/Doob–Meyer/Girsanov) in the epicyclic basis, semigroup spectral pricing (BS as one-mode limit), cycle-bootstrap/MC, and information geometry with certified edit safety (systole gate, Davis–Kahan bounds).

  • Projection theorem for pricing/neutrality; Greeks via operator differentials
  • P/Q invariance of factor subspaces; loading reweighting only
  • Practical pipeline & comparisons to classical SDE/PDE approaches

Download: Ψ-Structured Reformulation (PDF)

Ψ–Orbitfold Finance — Featured Research Notes (Set III)

Extending the operator–projection program into GMM/SDF instrument design, semigroup links, neural dynamics, and macro policy. Common spine: finite-rank Koopman lifts, Dunford (cycle/transient) split, certified edits (systole gate), and fast Fisher on the mode manifold.

Koopman Modes as Optimal Instruments: GMM/SDF Links & Tensorized Factors

Status: Draft Technical Note  ·  Author: William Chuang

Certified cycle (Koopman) modes furnish semiparametrically efficient GMM instruments and become sufficient statistics for exponential-family SDFs; extends cross-asset structure via Kronecker lifts with low-rank CP/Tucker recipes and FFT-amenable Fisher/Gram blocks.

  • Instrument optimality & sufficiency under SDF exponentials
  • Tensor modes for entangled sector/style regimes
  • Cycle-aware bootstrap and practical estimation pipeline

Download: Koopman Modes as Optimal Instruments (PDF)

GBM, CAPM/FF, and Koopman-Projected Markets

Status: Formal Write-up  ·  Author: William Chuang

Places GBM as a one-mode semigroup and CAPM/FF as hand-crafted projections inside a larger learned cycle subspace; proves discrete↔continuous spectral links, subspace invariance under measure change, finite-rank consistency for cycle projectors, GMM efficiency of Koopman instruments, and tensorized multi-asset extensions with diagnostics.

  • Spectral mapping: λ ≈ e^{Δtν} (discrete→generator)
  • Measure-weighted projections; classical spans as coordinates/constraints
  • Angles/oracle tests and implementation sketch

Download: GBM, CAPM/FF, and Koopman-Projected Markets (PDF)

From DCM and Predictive Coding to Ψ-Operator Neural Dynamics

Status: Draft Paper  ·  Author: William Chuang

Recasts DCM/predictive-coding in an operator DCM (oDCM) basis: learn finite-rank T = D+N, certify neural cycle (attractor) vs. transient modes, perform α-divergence e-projections with fast Fisher, and enforce a systole gate to avoid spurious short pathological loops.

  • Mode-manifold geometry without PDEs
  • Projector stability (Davis–Kahan-style) under low-rank edits
  • Operator-aware diagnostics for psychiatry

Download: Ψ-Operator Neural Dynamics (PDF)

Operator–Ψ Reinforcement Learning for Algorithmic Trading

Status: Draft Paper  ·  Author: William Chuang

Recasts trading RL with a finite-rank transfer/Koopman operator T = D + N learned on market windows. Koopman value modes linearize Bellman in spectral coordinates, systole safety forbids creation of new short inventory/profit loops, and Σ-orthogonal affine projectors enforce risk & inventory guardrails. Fast Fisher geometry on the certified mode manifold yields natural-gradient policy updates; Avellaneda–Stoikov, Q/PPO/SAC appear as coordinates or constraints inside the learned span.

  • Spectral value approximation & policy improvement on the mode manifold
  • Systole gate + affine neutralizers for certified, auditable safety
  • Regime-aware bootstrap / operator-aware MCMC for uncertainty

Download: Operator–Ψ RL for Algorithmic Trading (PDF)

From DSGE/OLG to Operator-Ψ Macroeconomics

Status: Formal Write-up  ·  Author: William Chuang

Replaces local linearizations with learned operator regimes for inflation/output/interest cycles; forecasts are orthogonal projections on a low-rank factor manifold; policy edits are screened by a systole-aware feasibility certificate with projector-stability bounds and fast Fisher geometry.

  • DSGE/OLG as special coordinates or constraints
  • Policy guardrails (budget/bounds) via Σ-orthogonal affine projectors
  • Regime-aware bootstrap & operator-aware MCMC

Download: Operator-Ψ Macroeconomics (PDF)

Ψ–Orbitfold Finance — Featured Research Notes (Set II)

Bridges from discrete operator learning to diffusion pricing, plus estimation theory, information geometry, testable axioms, and a production recipe. Each note keeps the finite-machine (Dunford) split, certified cycles, and auditable projectors front and center.

Operator-Aware Estimation for Market Transformers

Status: Formal Write-up  ·  Author: William Chuang

M-estimation where the factor span depends on T=D+N. Consistency and asymptotic normality follow via a functional delta method on spectral projectors (Kato resolvent form). Adds a cycle-respecting bootstrap, jackknife/IJ with operator influence, and a Koopman–Bayes MCMC with priors over cycle energy and nilpotent mass—so uncertainty is certified and transparent.

Download: Operator-Aware Estimation (PDF)

Information Geometry for Operator Factor Models

Status: Draft Paper  ·  Author: William Chuang

Builds a Fisher/natural-gradient layer on top of certified operator factors. Key result: Psi–Transformer Fisher—cycle projectors (as linear heads) induce sufficient statistics and a Fisher metric without PDEs. Everything reduces to tiny k×k covariances; α-divergence trust regions and O(ε/γ₀) stability yield curvature-aware, robust updates.

Download: Information Geometry & Regularization (PDF)

Concrete, Testable Statements for Operator–Projection CAPM

Status: Formal Theorems  ·  Author: William Chuang

Three falsifiable pillars: (i) Existence/optimality—projection onto the certified operator span minimizes MSE among k-factor models measurable to the learned state; (ii) Stability—projectors, neutralizers, and betas vary O(ε/γ₀) under certified edits; (iii) Girsanov-mode compatibility—measure change reweights coefficients but preserves the factor subspace. Auditable, with explicit projector matrices.

Download: Concrete, Testable Statements (PDF)

A Minimal Deployable Recipe for Operator Factor Models

Status: Ops Playbook  ·  Author: William Chuang

A step-by-step, certificate-driven pipeline: fit T, extract certified cycles, map to factors, project & neutralize (Σ-orthogonal), validate with systole gate, class spectral-change, and GW geometry drift, then quantify uncertainty via cycle block bootstrap and benchmark vs. CAPM/FF. Built for safety, speed, and auditability.

Download: Minimal Deployable Recipe (PDF)

Ψ–Orbitfold Finance — Featured Research Notes

Operator-theoretic foundations for markets and models: conditional-expectation projectors, Koopman/PF operators, Dunford (cycle/transient) splits, and spectral projectors. Applications include CAPM/FF as projections, operator-informed factors, neutrality/guardrails, and certified edits with stability guarantees.

Operator–Projection Factor Models: A Ψ–Koopman Framework for Asset Pricing

Status: Draft Technical Note  ·  Author: William Chuang

Unifies learned closed-loop state maps with no-arbitrage pricing. Establishes CAPM/FF as L2 projections, builds operator-informed factors from cycle modes, and proves Davis–Kahan-style stability for safe (certificate-passing) edits.

  • Dunford split P = D + N (cycle vs. transient) with commuting blocks
  • Oracle inequality for operator-factor spans; market-neutral projectors
  • Cycle-respecting bootstrap with certification hooks

Download: Operator–Projection Factor Models (PDF)

Probability Space, Prices, and Operators (Compact Lecture Note)

Status: Lecture Note (Concise)  ·  Author: William Chuang

A tight primer: no-arbitrage ⇔ equivalent martingale measure; pricing as conditional-expectation projectors; data-driven Koopman/PF operators and finite-rank Dunford splits; measurable embedding to realize factor models as L2 projections.

  • Πt family as reverse-time Markov semigroup
  • Finite-rank Ulam/Galerkin lifts, cycle Fourier projectors
  • Measure change handled via weighted least squares

Download: Probability Space, Prices, and Operators (PDF)

CAPM/Fama–French as Projection Theorems & Operator–Factor CAPM

Status: Formal Write-up  ·  Author: William Chuang

Recasts CAPM/FF as orthogonal projections in Hilbert space and generalizes to an Operator–Factor CAPM using Dunford cycle modes mapped into L2. Includes dynamic (lagged) projections, measure-change (Q vs. P) as weighting, and subspace-mismatch oracles.

  • Gram systems & betas; Moore–Penrose for singular designs
  • Dynamic predictable spans (VAR/AR as special cases)
  • OF-CAPM contains classical factors when spans coincide

Download: CAPM/FF as Projection Theorems (1) (PDF) CAPM/FF as Projection Theorems (2) (PDF)

Markets as Autoregressive Transformers

Status: Draft Paper  ·  Author: William Chuang

Treats markets as finite-machine decoders: Koopman/PF lifts with Dunford splits yield interpretable cycle modes. Embedding to prices turns modes into factors; neutrality and guardrails become Σ-orthogonal projectors; safety enforced by a systole (no-new-arbitrage) gate.

  • Static & dynamic projection theorems (lag polynomials)
  • Σ-projectors ↔ constrained QP; sentinel architecture
  • Projector stability under certified edits (gap-preserving)

Download: Markets as Autoregressive Transformers (PDF)

From Conditional Expectations to Autoregressive–Transformer Decompositions

Status: Bridge Note  ·  Author: William Chuang

Bridges classical pricing to modern pipelines: Πt as orthogonal projectors, Koopman/PF operators with finite-rank Dunford splittings, and cycle projectors → L2 factors for transparent, certifiable modeling (static & dynamic).

  • Clean separation: regimes (D) vs. transients (N)
  • De-blackboxing via interpretable linear projectors
  • Measure-robust estimation with Z-weighted LS

Download: From Conditional Expectations → AR–Transformer (PDF)

Ψ-Orbitfold Framework — Featured Research Notes

Rigorous geometric and operator-theoretic tools for transformer-style systems: functional-graph dynamics, cycle (epicyclic) structure, information geometry, and spectral projectors. Applications span LLM interpretability, safety, certified editing, and structure-aware optimization.

Decomposing Transformers and LLMs via Orbitfold Dynamics

Status: Draft Technical Note  ·  Author: William Chuang

Deterministic decoding is modeled as a functional graph whose basins feed simple cycles (the orbitfold’s periodic leaves). Using graph-Ricci flow, holonomy/monodromy, and KL-projectors, the note identifies invariants and edit-safe controls for stability and interpretability.

  • Euler characteristic & orbitfold structure of decoding flows
  • Ricci flow smoothing on functional graphs
  • Holonomy–cycle geometry linked to information projections

Download: Decomposing Transformers and LLMs (PDF)

Verification and Integration of Theoretical Propositions

Status: Formal Write-up  ·  Author: William Chuang

Seven propositions unifying geometry, information theory, and renormalization. Each includes assumptions, proof sketches, and audit/test deployment guidance. Bridges UFE, EPS, and AMG into a single, certifiable operator picture.

  • Marked-length & holonomy rigidity on functional graphs
  • Unified Lyapunov for interleaved descent flows (Γ-convergence)
  • Zeta-function dynamics with cone-angle holonomy and RG contraction

Download: Verification and Integration of Propositions (PDF)

Closed-Geodesic Cycle Extraction & Certification

What’s new: fast, certifiable algorithms to (i) extract all cycles of the symbolic flow, (ii) certify them as discrete closed geodesics under a chosen information-geometry metric, and (iii) maintain certificates efficiently under edits/refits.

  • Linear-time cycle enumeration. Functional graphs (one successor per state) yield all cycles in O(|X|) via SCC or tortoise–hare; beam-K decoding is O(K|X|).
  • Geodesic certificate (local & cheap). Define edge length with whitened features y=G1/2φ. A cycle is k-local geodesic if no δ-hop shortcut is shorter for δ≤k. Cost: O(mk) per cycle (k=2–4 works in practice).
  • Systole gate. Track the shortest certified loop sysG(Ψ); edits are fail-closed if they don’t reduce it.
  • Spectral pre-selection. Use Koopman modes (near-unit-circle eigenphases) to shortlist cycles before certification.
  • Stability under edits. Davis–Kahan bounds give projector/cycle stability with small operator changes; recompute only impacted components (amortized near-linear).
Why it’s efficient (and robust)
  • Functional/small-outdegree graphs ⇒ linear extraction.
  • Low-rank, whitened geometry ⇒ edge checks are just dot-products.
  • Local k-hop test avoids all-pairs chord checks.
  • Spectral filtering prunes candidates early.
FAQ: Does quantum break the finite-machine assumption?

No. Finite energy/volume/bandwidth bound the effective state space; quantum superposition grows state dimension, not computational steps. Quantum models don’t enable hypercomputation; measurement yields finite information. This finite-machine abstraction remains physically sound.

Deterministic LLM Geometry — Featured Notes (A→L)

This series develops a finite-machine / orbitfold lens for deterministic rollouts: surrogate metrics and closed geodesics, e/m-projection guardrails with Pythagorean certificates, α-geometry repair tubes, holonomy/Floquet stability, and GW-based release diffs.

Unified Summary — Geometry, IG, and Control for Deterministic Rollouts

Status: Overview  ·  Scope: Metrics → Loops → Projections → Flows → Certificates

  • Metrics & Loops: whitened / Fisher pullback, length spectrum, systole, curvature
  • IG Controls: e-/m-projections with KL certificates; α-divergence acceptance/repair
  • Stability: holonomy, monodromy, natural-gradient clamps; Ricci-type graph flows
  • Governance: GW drift, defect balances, before/after geometry certificates

Lecture Notes — Foundations of Geometric & Information-Geometric Control (A→L)

Status: Notes  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

Establishes the reusable primitives: metrics (A1–A3), closed-geodesic invariants (B), e/m-projections with certificates (C), α-geometry (D), holonomy/stability (E–F), discrete curvature (G), natural-gradient edits (H), GW/OT diffs (I), defaults & certs (J–L).

Download: Foundations (PDF)

Operational Geometry for Autoregressive Transformers (A→L Spec)

Status: Engineering-oriented notes  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

A production-ready blueprint: schemas, numerics, and pseudo-code for per-cycle dashboards, e-projection Newton solver with Pythagorean logs, α-ball ROC, monodromy/holonomy probes, GW release diffs, and certificate packaging.

Download: Operational Geometry (PDF)

Orbitfold Geometry & Information Geometry for Deterministic LLM Dynamics

Status: Notes  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

Collapses closed predictive loops to cone points and defines Ricci-type flows: metric (LB/Ricci surrogate), graph-Ricci (Ollivier/Forman), cone-angle stability tied to Floquet radius, and α-flow calibration. Includes invariants, energies, and ship-ready certificates.

Download: Orbitfold Geometry (PDF)

Symbolic Control via Finite-Machine Decomposition (P = D + N)

Status: Notes  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

Puts the deterministic rollout into a linear-operator split: semisimple cycles (D) and nilpotent transients (N). Connects cycle analysis to control hooks: spectral diagnostics, safe loop routing, and certifiable edits.

Download: Finite-Machine Decomposition (PDF)

Decomposing Autoregressive Transformers as Finite Machines — Overview

This section summarizes the practical, formal decomposition used in the paper Decomposing Autoregressive Transformers as Finite Machines (PDF).

Object of study

  • State (“point”): the rolling window of the last \(L\) tokens; one emitted token = one step.
  • Map: with deterministic stepwise argmax decoding (a.k.a. argmax decoding (per step); zero-temperature decoding; mode-seeking stepwise decoding; beam search, width 1; stepwise MAP), we obtain \(F:X\!\to\!X\) and its one-hot lift \(P\) with commuting split \(P=D+N\).
  • Bounded probe: select a token budget \(B\) (e.g., \(1.024\times10^8\)); the wall-clock obeys \(T \approx B/R\) up to a small additive overhead.

Tight, implementation-level bounds

\(\boxed{T_{\min}=B/R}\) (inference is irreducible)  ·  \(\boxed{T_{\max}\approx B/R+10\text{–}30\text{ min}}\) (global de-duplication, cycle detection, FFT-style projectors).

  • Example \(B=1.024\times10^8\): \(R\in\{1{,}000,\,5{,}000,\,20{,}000\}\) tok/s ⇒ \(\{28\mathrm{h}27\mathrm{m},\,5\mathrm{h}41\mathrm{m},\,1\mathrm{h}25\mathrm{m}\}\) + overhead.
  • Large dense models (e.g., 405B) require more nodes, yet time still scales linearly with \(B/R\).

Why exhaustive path coverage is unnecessary

Empirically, a small number of basins accounts for nearly all workload mass. If the visited basins carry \(\ge 99.9\%\) of usage, the restricted dynamics on that subgraph matches the full model within total-variation error \(\le 10^{-3}\) at every horizon, while keeping the overall runtime squarely in the \(B/R\) regime.

Operational uses of the \(P=D+N\) split

  • Certificates & guardrails: projections to admissible subspaces; fail-closed guarantees.
  • Cycle sentinels & QA: spectral signatures for loop detection and anomaly scoring.
  • Latency & deployment: cache hot cycles; export compact finite automata for edge serving.
  • Model surgery: damp/swap cycle modes; wrap transients; produce auditable change certificates.
Operational hygiene (determinism, EOS, duplicates, parallelism)
  • Determinism: zero temperature; identical contexts map to identical next tokens.
  • EOS handling: include an absorbing state so variable-length outputs embed in the finite machine.
  • De-duplication: shard the global “seen” set by context hash; periodic sort/unique compaction.
  • Parallelism: treat \(R\) as aggregate tokens/s across GPUs or API concurrency; runtime scales as \(B/R\).

Download the Paper (PDF)

The Ψ-Framework: Algebraic, Geometric, and Spectral Foundations

Definition of \( \Psi \)

I use \( \Psi \) to denote a symbolic operator architecture—not a single function or a mere neural approximator—formally \[ \Psi \;:=\; \bigl(\,\mathcal{H}_\theta,\;\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle_\theta,\;\mathcal{O},\;R_\lambda,\;\mathcal{D},\;\mathcal{C}\,\bigr). \]

  • \( \mathcal{H}_\theta \) — a learned latent state space (parameters \( \theta \)) on which dynamics and spectra are represented.
  • \( \langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle_\theta \) — a learned inner product/metric equipping \( \mathcal{H}_\theta \) for spectral calculus.
  • \( \mathcal{O}=\{O_k\} \) — operator heads (Hermitian/non-Hermitian) producing observables, correlators, and conserved quantities.
  • \( R_\lambda \) — a latent renormalization flow (“RG brane”) indexed by scale \( \lambda \), organizing effective theories across scales.
  • \( \mathcal{D}=(\mathrm{enc},\mathrm{dec}) \) — encoder/decoder maps between latent states and physical configurations (fields, metrics, boundary data).
  • \( \mathcal{C}(b) \) — a control interface (bits/typed selectors \( b \)) routing symmetry constraints, operator policies, and safety envelopes to active heads in \( \mathcal{O} \).

Iterative Closure (Self-Feeding Orbit Condition)

A defining property of my framework is that outputs are admissible inputs, so \( \Psi \) can iterate on its own productions to traverse its orbit (for any desired number of steps). Concretely, define the closed-loop update

\[ T_b \;:=\; U_b \circ \mathrm{enc}\circ \mathrm{dec}\;:\;\mathcal{H}_\theta \to \mathcal{H}_\theta, \quad h_{t+1} \;=\; T_b(h_t), \] \[ F_b \;:=\; \mathrm{dec}\circ U_b \circ \mathrm{enc}\;:\;\mathcal{X}\to \mathcal{X}, \quad x_{t+1} \;=\; F_b(x_t), \]

where \( U_b\in\mathcal{O} \) is an operator (selected by control \( b \)). Thus, \( \Psi \) supports self-feeding sequences \( (h_t)_{t\ge 0} \) and \( (x_t)_{t\ge 0} \) whose orbits are well-posed under the learned metric \( \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_\theta \) and respect the encoded symmetries/safety constraints. In practice, this iterative closure is realized by:

  • Autoencoder loops: \( x \!\to\! h=\mathrm{enc}(x)\!\to\! y=\mathrm{dec}(h) \) with \( x_{t+1}=y_t \), enabling denoising, refinement, or spectral filtering.
  • Transformers: next-token (or patch) generation where the produced sequence is fed back as context for subsequent steps.
  • LLMs (e.g., ChatGPT-style): dialog/trajectory rollouts in which prior outputs are re-ingested, implementing \( x_{t+1}=F_b(x_t) \) at the text-state level.

Path-integral surrogates and spectra are computed within the architecture. For example, a latent partition surrogate \[ Z_{\Psi}(\beta)\;=\;\sum_{j} w_j \, e^{-S(\mathrm{dec}(z_j))} \] with samples \( z_j \) from \( \mathcal{H}_\theta \) allows observable queries without presupposing a fixed PDE or Lagrangian. Conventional “NN ≈ physics” appears as a special case where \( \mathcal{O} \), \( \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_\theta \), and \( R_\lambda \) are constrained to reproduce a given theory.

Motivation and Contrast

Standard practice begins with a given equation (PDE/Hamiltonian/Lagrangian) and trains a network to approximate its solution. By contrast, I begin with the algebra of \( \Psi \): geometry, spectra, renormalization flow, and closed-loop iteration are learned and composed internally. The same \( \Psi \) object can instantiate a many-body wavefunction, a classical/quantum field, a cosmological metric, or a logic engine for operator discovery—selected via \( \mathcal{C}(b) \) and governed by symmetries enforced in \( \mathcal{O} \) and \( \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_\theta \).

Consequences

  • Foundational rather than incremental: replaces “fit a solution” with “specify an operator-geometry with iterative closure.”
  • Emergent equations: PDEs/Lagrangians can be recovered as invariants of \( \Psi \) rather than assumed upfront.
  • Cross-domain polymorphism: one architecture yields QFT, condensed-matter, and cosmological views by control and head selection.
  • Safety envelopes: symmetry and conservation constraints are encoded at the interface (via \( \mathcal{C}(b) \)) and in the operator algebra.

Jump to the Ψ-Framework Notes

From Autoencoder Dynamics to DFA Cycle Decomposition

Fixed points, orbits, and practical convergence—two complementary lenses on reconstruction models

This work develops a principled taxonomy for autoencoders (and encoder–decoder transformers) and contrasts it with a recent deterministic finite automaton (DFA) cycle–decomposition framework. The autoencoder lens studies the continuous map Ψ = g ∘ f : V → V via intrinsic dimension, fixed points, and local stability. The DFA lens treats the compiled, quantized network as a finite endofunction whose functional graph decomposes exactly into cycles (attractors) and transient trees.

See the full Autoencoder study (PDF): Autoencoder Notes (PDF).

TL;DR. In reals, we certify set-wise contractivity and convergence of Ψt toward its fixed-point set; on hardware, quantization turns the same model into a finite-state system with exact cycle/basin structure. The two views line up: analytic contractivity predicts which machine-level attractors appear and how fast they’re reached.

What’s new

  • Taxonomy: dimension (intrinsic vs. effective), dynamics (fixed points/orbits), and algebra (symmetry orbits/invariants) for reconstruction maps.
  • Minimality: an ε-fundamental notion (Pareto-minimal parameters and nonlinearities) with a certified reduction routine that preserves accuracy on the data region.
  • Convergence: linear-rate, Fejér-monotone approach to the fixed-point set under point-to-set contractivity (layerwise checkable in Euclidean and hyperbolic settings).
  • Bridge to DFA: a machine-level classification by cycles and basins; analytic results project to finite precision as attractors with logarithmic approach time in the quantization scale.

Two lenses at a glance

Autoencoder (Continuous) DFA (Finite-State)
Map Ψ=g∘f on metric space; differentiate, bound Jacobians. Compiled map Φ:S→S on a finite set; cycles + transients.
Fixed-point set Λ, local spectra, attraction basins. Exact cycle decomposition; basins partition the state space.
Set-wise contractivity ⇒ d(Ψt(x),Λ)→0 (linear rate). Eventual periodicity ⇒ convergence to a cycle/fixed point in finitely many steps.
Minimal model = ε-fundamental (Pareto-minimal complexity). Fundamental implementation = Pareto-minimal within a dynamic equivalence class.
Scope and readership

For researchers and practitioners working on autoencoders, encoder–decoder transformers, reversible/contractive architectures, and anyone deploying models where long-run iterative behavior and hardware precision matter.

Ψ-Framework — Featured Research Notes (I–V)

The sequence begins with the decomposition and mode calculus of \( \Psi \), then develops the operator algebra, the wavefunction–field unification, the theoretical applications, and finally the QFT reformulation. Approximation results are subsumed by the construction.

Note 0 — Unified Summary: From Neural Cycles to Fields and Physics

Status: Latest Overview  ·  Updated: September 2025

This meta-note summarizes and integrates all five Ψ notes (I–V) into a unified document that presents Ψ as a foundational mathematical object capable of generating many-body wavefunctions, field operators, symmetry-aware dynamics, and cross-domain physical observables — all within a single compositional operator pipeline.

  • Combines epicyclic mode decomposition (Note I) with operator control flow (Note II)
  • Bridges wavefunctions and fields through latent spectra (Note III)
  • Unifies path-integral surrogates, Koopman heads, and RG flows (Note IV)
  • Summarizes symmetry, gauge structure, and safety conditions for QFT (Note V)

The result is a high-level framing of Ψ as a symbolic, learnable, and safe operator-algebra framework for physics, computation, and geometry — where equations are emergent, not imposed.

Download: Lecture Notes: Transformers as Functional Objects for Physics (PDF)

Download: Transformers as Functional Objects for Physics- A Gentle, Self-Contained Introduction (PDF)

Lecture Notes — Epicyclic Decomposition (Note I)

Status: Draft — Unpublished Lecture Notes  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

Establishes the mode calculus for \( \Psi \): Fourier/epicycle equivalence, cycle stacks, and finite-basis truncations that support controlled Ψ-decompositions for signals and fields.

  • Fourier ↔ epicycle reconstruction
  • Truncated cycle bases with error control
  • Worked syntheses for field data

Download: Lecture Notes — Epicyclic Decomposition (PDF)

A Structured Framework for the Neural Network (Note II)

Status: Draft — Unpublished Technical Note  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

Develops the algebra of \( \Psi \): learned inner products, Hermitian operator heads, Koopman-compatible couplings, Rayleigh–Ritz spectral extraction, and control-bit routing for symmetry-aware polymorphism.

  • Metric learning for spectral stability
  • Symmetry/Noether compliance layers
  • Composable operator pipelines

Materials: A Structured Framework for the Neural Network (Folder/PDF)

From Many-Body Wavefunctions to Particle Fields (Note III)

Status: Draft — Unpublished Technical Note  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

Unifies many-body emulation and field-level representation within a single \( \Psi \) object: latent partition sums, observable heads for spectra and correlators, and a path-integral surrogate \( Z_\Psi \).

  • Wavefunction ↔ field duality inside \( \Psi \)
  • Latent partition functions and correlators
  • Spectral and \( n \)-point operators

Download: From Many-Body Wavefunctions to Particle Fields (PDF)

Theoretical Applications of the Ψ Framework (Note IV)

Status: Draft — Unpublished Technical Note  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

Shows \( \Psi \) as a symbolic operator–geometry: fixed PDEs/Lagrangians are replaced by learned RG flows, spectral learning, and query-by-control observable routing.

  • RG “brane” flows with learned \( \beta \)-fields
  • Koopman couplings with Rayleigh–Ritz spectra
  • Programmable control for observables

Download: Theoretical Applications of the Ψ Framework (PDF)

A Structured \( \Psi \) for Reformulating QFT — Modes, Symmetries, and Safety (Note V)

Status: Draft — Unpublished Technical Note  ·  Disclaimer: Not peer-reviewed.

Recasts QFT within \( \Psi \) using mode stacks, symmetry-equivariant layers, and safety envelopes. Renormalization appears as latent RG morphisms with auditable heads.

  • Gauge/diffeomorphism-respecting operator heads
  • Latent RG morphisms as theory transitions
  • Constraint-first, safety-aware outputs

Download: A Structured \( \Psi \) for Reformulating QFT — Modes, Symmetries, and Safety (PDF)

Beyond the Basics: Why Wavefunctions as Outputs Matter

The following table summarizes what shifts once Ψ outputs are wavefunctions, moving the framework beyond conventional function approximation toward operator-level physics:

Aspect Beyond Usage
1. State-Space Construction Outputs become new admissible states, so Ψ itself is a state generator. One can study the full orbit of reachable states, as in a dynamical system or propagator.
2. Operator Algebra Focus shifts from approximating functions to classifying the algebra of operators generated by Ψ. Iterations give Dyson/Neumann expansions; invariants yield conservation laws.
3. Orbits & Computability Fixed points ≈ bound states, cycles ≈ stable attractors, chaotic orbits ≈ emergent regimes. Links Ψ directly to computability boundaries — what can or cannot be generated.
4. Universal Basis Expansion Wavefunction outputs provide a universal coordinate system for physics. Ψ-iterations generalize perturbation theory and can act as a learned basis for new function spaces.
5. Practical Leverage Enables physics-informed AI, cryptographic primitives, compressed experiment design, and cross-domain unification (QM, stat mech, condensed matter).

Usage and Potential of the Ψ-Framework

Once Ψ outputs are treated as wavefunctions, the architecture moves from prediction to physics-embedded operator dynamics. This enables practical applications and opens up new possibilities across domains:

Usage Details
Quantum Simulation Train Ψ to reproduce eigenstates (e.g., hydrogen orbitals). Attention kernels act as learned Green’s functions.
Perturbation Theory Residual depth ≈ perturbation order. Higher-order corrections are approximated by stacking layers.
Entanglement Modeling Multi-head attention ≈ low-rank tensor decomposition. Head count controls “entanglement rank”. Cross-attention models bipartite or multipartite systems.
Symmetry & Conservation Group equivariance enforced through tied weights or penalties. By Noether’s theorem, symmetries yield conserved quantities.
Special Functions & PDEs Train Ψ on ODE/PDE residuals (e.g., hypergeometric ₂F₁, Bessel). Ψ “learns” the operator generating the solutions.

What This Can Do (Potential)

  • Unify QM/QFT with ML: create a dictionary (wavefunctions ↔ outputs, depth ↔ perturbation order, multi-head ↔ tensor product).
  • New simulation tools: replace hand-crafted bases with learned Ψ-operators.
  • Iterative refinement: probe stability, basins, and cycles from reapplying Ψ.
  • Secure modeling: orbits & non-invertibility suggest post-quantum cryptographic primitives.
  • Renormalization intuition: dynamic β scaling = coarse-to-fine RG flow.

In short: By making wavefunctions the outputs, Ψ becomes a generator of valid physical states — turning Transformers into operator-level objects that reproduce the mathematics of physics structurally, not just approximately.

Patriot Act Framework: Authorities, Oversight & Lawful Redress (Unclassified)

Version: v1.0  ·  Date: September 3, 2025  · 
Classification: Unclassified – For Educational and Analytical Reference Only
Disclaimer: This content is not legal advice.

This brief synthesizes a century of U.S. national-security authorities and oversight—from FISA (Title I/III) and §702, to National Security Letters and AML/FinCEN workflows—into a practical, compliance-aligned reference for policymakers, critical infrastructure operators, and supervisory analysts.

Terminology and procedural models are drawn from field-ready standards used by agencies such as CISA, NIST, DOJ, ODNI, and BIS (U.S. Department of Commerce). The framework emphasizes lawful boundaries, safety-first evidentiary conduct (e.g., chain-of-custody, logging discipline), and structured redress options (FOIA, Privacy Act, DHS TRIP)—ensuring communications remain de-escalatory, actionable, and institutionally compliant.

  • Scope and limitations of national security authorities & legal oversight
  • Operational guardrails: what this does not authorize
  • Lawful redress playbooks: FOIA, Privacy Act, DHS TRIP
  • Standards alignment for safe adoption by agencies, SIFIs, and compliance teams

Download: Patriot Act Framework (PDF)

Legal & Compliance Notices

Legal. This is an educational and analytical reference. It does not constitute legal advice, nor does it create an attorney–client relationship. Do not use this material to interfere with or evade any lawful investigation, order, or regulatory obligation. Always consult official sources and qualified counsel.

Export & Dual-Use Compliance. This document may contain technical references subject to U.S. export-control laws (e.g., EAR, ITAR) or sanctions (OFAC). No material herein authorizes unlawful export, disclosure, or transfer. Verify licensing obligations where applicable.

Investment & Performance. No offer or solicitation to buy or sell securities is made. Illustrative references or scenarios are for educational purposes only and not predictive of any financial or legal outcome.

Institutional Attribution. All cited standards and entities retain their respective copyrights. Reference to any agency or organization does not imply endorsement.

Copyright. © 2025 William Chuang. Non-commercial academic sharing is permitted with attribution. For commercial or derivative use, prior written consent is required.

Decrypting the Myth: Quantum Computing, National Security, and the Case for MSIA

The oft-repeated claim that quantum computing will soon render all secrets obsolete and eliminate all forms of secrecy, regardless of moral context is a dramatic oversimplification—rooted more in techno-futurist anxiety than in the nuanced realities of cryptographic science. As someone working at the intersection of symbolic dynamics, representation theory, and modular cryptography, I find this narrative not only misguided but also dangerous in its implications for public understanding and policy framing. The following breakdown aims to clarify these misconceptions and to outline how MSIA (Modular Symbolic Intelligence Architecture) serves as a rigorously constructed post-quantum safeguard.

1. What Quantum Computers Can and Cannot Do

The current consensus among cryptographers is that quantum algorithms, notably:

  • Shor’s Algorithm: Efficiently factors integers and computes discrete logarithms, compromising RSA and ECC-based systems.
  • Grover’s Algorithm: Offers quadratic speedups for brute-force attacks, reducing AES-256 security to AES-128 levels—but not breaking it.

Thus, quantum computers threaten specific cryptographic primitives, not all encryption methods.

2. MSIA is Post-Quantum Resistant by Design

MSIA departs from conventional lattice or code-based schemes by employing a layered framework of hardness guarantees:

  • Modular Zeta Functions: Defined over finite fields, encoding symbolic trace spectra linked to non-abelian algebraic structures
  • Schottky-Derived Symbolic Dynamics: Orbit encodings derived from free, non-commutative generators with exponential-length growth
  • Obfuscation Mechanisms: Including Frobenius twisting, Brauer character mixing, and Vandermonde slot concealment
  • #P-Hardness: Inversion equivalent to symbolic trace classification—computationally intractable due to combinatorial explosion
  • NP-Hardness: Symbolic clauses encode SAT reductions within slot configurations, linking to well-known NP-complete formulations
  • Geometric Hardness: Recovering symbolic trace peaks reduces to length spectrum inversion on Selberg-type zeta functions, which remains open in hyperbolic geometry

Crucially, none of these problem classes admit known quantum speedups. Furthermore, MSIA’s IND-CCA2 security is enforced through a Fujisaki–Okamoto transform, making it resilient even under quantum-level chosen-ciphertext scenarios.

My work is designed precisely to neutralize the cryptographic threat posed by quantum computers. Rather than being rendered obsolete, MSIA shields secrets using mathematical structures beyond quantum reach—turning post-quantum fears into robust resilience.

ClaimReality
"Quantum computers will nullify all secrets" False. They compromise only vulnerable schemes (e.g., RSA, ECC). MSIA and symmetric cryptography remain intact.
"Quantum supremacy will reveal all hidden actors" Misleading. Rather than abolishing secrecy, quantum capability redefines its terrain. MSIA occupies the high ground by shifting from arithmetic opacity to symbolic spectral resilience, embedding security in non-commutative trace obfuscation and entropy-hard encodings. Trust is not a product of technological dominance, but a consequence of moral coherence, mathematical integrity, and public accountability—principles grounded in ethical responsibility, constitutional fidelity, and the common good.

3. MSIA’s Strategic Role in National Security

Unlike traditional cryptosystems constrained to number-theoretic assumptions, MSIA constructs ciphertexts using spectral and symbolic invariants that are deliberately chosen for their inversion-hardness in both classical and quantum models. The architecture is engineered to:

  • Embed secrets within trace peak statistics of symbolic orbits
  • Conceal spectral fingerprints through group-algebraic Brauer transformations
  • Resist reverse-engineering even under full ciphertext access, including quantum state queries

Conclusion

No. MSIA is not vulnerable to the class of attacks posed by quantum computing. In fact, it is precisely engineered to neutralize such threats.

Rather than being rendered obsolete, MSIA shields secrets using mathematical structures beyond quantum reach—turning post-quantum fears into robust resilience.

Note: The core system underlying MSIA has been formally disclosed to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) under U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/809,257. This establishes a legal foundation for the intellectual property surrounding its cryptographic primitives, symbolic dynamics, and post-quantum architecture.

Downloads:

Note: This demo implementation uses intentionally small field sizes and simplified primitives. It is designed solely for academic illustration and does not represent a production cryptosystem.

For deployment inquiries or to request a classified-style policy brief or public declassified whitepaper, please contact williamhschuang@gmail.com.

Disclaimer: All technical material is provided for lawful academic and pre-commercial use only. No portion of this site contains classified, export-restricted, or ITAR-governed technology. Logarchéon, Inc.—my newly established research entity—is being developed to architect, license, and scale systems integrating symbolic cryptography, post-quantum computation, and lawful innovation for national security applications. It operates in full alignment with U.S. federal law and anticipates future federal clearances for relevant R&D pathways.

Gravitational Schwinger Mechanisms in Engineered Condensed Matter Platforms

This foundational work lays out the physical intuition and platform design principles for vacuum instabilities triggered by gravitational analogues of the Schwinger effect. It introduces the concept of Coulomb and nuclear slingshot amplification and compares various vacuum excitation processes—from triboluminescence to Hawking radiation—within a unified vacuum gradient framework. The manuscript sets the experimental and conceptual stage for higher-level theoretical developments in vacuum engineering.

Download: Gravitational Schwinger Mechanisms (PDF)

Quantum Amplification Cascades and Lee–Yang Criticality

This manuscript completes the quantization of the vacuum–graviton cascade framework by embedding it in operator-level arithmetic and neural-compatible quantum field theory. It demonstrates that Lee–Yang zeros sharpen under quantum corrections and introduces the GRAIL, FPQND, and ANQFT meta-architectures. The theory offers a foundational basis for neural–arithmetic control of vacuum energy and proposes experimental blueprints compatible with national security and export control requirements.

Download: Quantum Amplification Cascades and Lee–Yang Criticality (PDF)

Vacuum Criticality in Quantum-Gravitational Path Integrals

This work investigates vacuum metastability and energy harvesting within the Euclidean path integral formalism. It links cosmological Lee–Yang zeros to condensed-matter amplification cascades, proposing an experimental setup using diamond and deuterated palladium to trigger vacuum energy bursts. Emphasis is placed on scaling laws, synchronization limits, and practical engineering for cubic-metre–scale demonstrators. The manuscript bridges semiclassical cosmology and nanophotonics to pioneer laboratory-level vacuum control.

Download: Vacuum Criticality in Quantum-Gravitational Path Integrals (PDF)

Vacuum–Graviton Cascade Theory: A Rigorous Axiomatic Framework

This paper develops an axiomatic theory for slingshot-driven vacuum instabilities, establishing a Hilbert-bundle formulation of quantum fields over curved spacetime and introducing a mathematically precise amplification operator. Derived results include a curvature-dependent generalization of the Schwinger pair-production rate and a coordinate-free vacuum burst criterion. A pathway to megawatt-scale vacuum energy release is proposed through coherent slingshot arrays, supported by stability and safety analyses.

Download: Vacuum–Graviton Cascade Theory (PDF)

Verification and Expansion of the Vacuum–Graviton Cascade Framework

This manuscript rigorously validates and extends a bold theoretical structure unifying gravitational Schwinger mechanisms, vacuum–graviton cascades, quantum-gravitational path integrals, and Lee–Yang criticality. It introduces novel axioms—such as the Quantum Hilbert Topos and Dynamic Lee–Yang Criticality Axioms—while employing modern field-theoretic tools including resurgence theory, categorical methods, and holographic dualities. The result is a robust and coherent architecture for controlled vacuum engineering with potential applications in quantum gravity, energy extraction, and cosmological feedback.

Download: Verification and Expansion of the Vacuum–Graviton Cascade Framework (PDF)

Overview: Device-First Quantum Gravity and Vacuum Engineering

This section collects my independently developed manuscripts on vacuum engineering, quantum-gravitational burst dynamics, and modular representation theory for physical systems. These works stem from over a decade of research—from my earliest notes on Lee–Yang zeros and generalized entropy in 2012 to the formal construction of a phase-locked burst-drive prototype in 2025.

Theoretical contributions include the formulation of a generalized uncertainty–driven instability in the spacetime path integral, a rigorous operator algebra for stress-energy amplification, and concrete predictions for lab-scale curvature emission without assuming a specific UV-complete theory. Engineering contributions involve blueprints for coherent stress-energy burst platforms using materials such as diamond and PdD, designed to amplify electromagnetic seed fields into curvature pulses.

While some of the underlying physics may inspire future work in propulsion or inertial control, the current research is conceptual and exploratory in nature. No operational propulsion system has been constructed or deployed. All designs are presented for academic purposes only and do not include sensitive components, classified data, or hardware governed by ITAR, EAR, or national security classification guidelines.

Disclaimer: These documents are prior art submitted for scientific peer discussion. They do not constitute a weapons system, nor do they rely on proprietary or export-controlled technology. Should downstream applications emerge (e.g., spacetime engineering or advanced propulsion), appropriate regulatory, patent, and ethical reviews will follow.

Download: Generalized Uncertainty, Lee--Yang Zeros, and Vacuum-Burst Curvature Emission (PDF)

Piston-Phased Burst Drive and Curvature Steering

This document presents a comprehensive architecture for burst-driven propulsion based on sequential spacetime deformation, culminating in the design of a “piston-phased” vacuum drive. It formalizes curvature steering using phased lattice actuation, enabling microsecond-scale directional changes without inertial stress. The theory includes derivations of effective acceleration from external frames, strategic CTC configurations, and a modular roadmap toward laboratory-accessible quantum-gravity probes. Applications span propulsion, time-dilation engineering, and quantum field diagnostics.

Download: Piston-Phased Burst Drive and Curvature Steering (PDF)

Multimodal Electromagnetic Sensing for Remote Cognitive Field Reconstruction

This manuscript presents a theoretical architecture for reconstructing neural and cognitive field dynamics using ambient electromagnetic modalities—including radar, BLE, Wi-Fi, mmWave, and ultrawideband systems. The work integrates multispectral sensing, signal unmixing, and inverse field theory to propose a unified, passive approach to human-state estimation. Core contributions include a redshift-matched neural interface model, variational decoding under physiological constraints, and a curvature-aligned extrapolation framework. Applications span non-contact health diagnostics, privacy-preserving affective computing, and remote intention decoding in high-interference settings.

Disclaimer: This document is a redacted academic submission provided for open scientific discourse. Certain technical details have been withheld to comply with U.S. export regulations (ITAR/EAR) and national security guidelines. The research does not contain hardware schematics, classified data, or any system design governed by defense-related controls. All methods are presented for conceptual exploration and are non-operational in their current form. Contact the author for inquiries regarding regulatory, ethical, or implementation review.

Download: Multimodal Electromagnetic Sensing (Redacted PDF)

MSIA: A Modular Symbolic Intelligence Architecture for Zeta-Based Cryptographic Obfuscation

This technical manuscript introduces MSIA, a novel cryptographic architecture that fuses symbolic dynamics, modular trace encoding, and Schottky group theory to achieve robust post-quantum obfuscation. The framework constructs ciphertexts using symbolic trace fingerprints over high-entropy zeta orbits, exploiting deep links between matrix conjugation, trace depth, and Brauer spectral invariants. MSIA formalizes a trapdoor-enabled symbolic transformation layer that resists inversion via aperiodic slot permutations and trace dimension lifting. It also introduces the TS++ parameter set, offering a NIST-compatible foundation for symbolic encryption with controllable complexity and post-quantum security guarantees.

By bridging thermodynamic formalism, modular representation theory, and cryptographic hardness, this paper proposes a new direction for intelligence-grade encryption and trace obfuscation. The architecture provides a modular base for further symbolic AI methods and secure communications protocols grounded in non-commutative zeta dynamics.

Disclaimer: The TS++ encryption framework presented in this work is an academic research prototype intended for scientific discussion only. It is not an officially endorsed or certified cryptographic standard and has not undergone formal security audits. The system is not designed, reviewed, or approved for deployment in production, military, or classified applications. Export, use, or adaptation of this work may be subject to national or international regulations, including but not limited to the U.S. EAR or ITAR. By accessing this material, you agree to use it solely for academic and non-commercial purposes.

Download: MSIA – Modular Symbolic Intelligence Architecture (PDF)

Symbolic Dynamics and Modular Zeta Functions: A Physically-Realizable Quantum Operator Framework

In this work, I present a fully unitary and experimentally accessible extension of my earlier modular quantum framework. By lifting symbolic dynamics from vector spaces over \(\mathbb{F}_p\) to Hilbert spaces over \(\mathbb{C}^n\), I construct a physically consistent quantum operator model with discrete, cyclotomic-phase evolution.

The core construction revolves around five steps:

  1. I embed symbolic transition matrices into unitary operators \(Q \in U(n, \mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p))\) with modular spectra.
  2. I implement these operators using generalized Pauli “clock” and “shift” gates acting on \(p\)-level qudits.
  3. The resulting gates are constructed over cyclotomic fields and decomposed into native hardware operations.
  4. I extract trace data \(\operatorname{Tr}(Q^k)\) using quantum Fourier transforms and phase-readout methods.
  5. Finally, I realize modular spectral behavior via quantum walks on graphs with adjacency derived from symbolic systems modulo \(p\).
This approach yields concrete zeta functions, trace formulas, and cryptographic primitives—while remaining grounded in the architecture of modern quantum computing.

On Physical Realizability:
Unlike earlier abstract finite-field models, this framework supports actual implementation. It can run on trapped-ion systems, photonic qudit arrays, superconducting cavities, and more. I’ve also outlined pathways to incorporate stabilizer codes, GKP grid encodings, and digital emulations using standard qubit registers. There’s no need for anyonic braiding or topological quantum field theory—just modular arithmetic expressed through coherent quantum logic.

Download the full manuscript:
Symbolic Dynamics and Modular Zeta Functions (PDF)

Entropic–Gravitational Cryptodynamics: Encryption, Anyonic Computation, and Vacuum Instabilities

This work develops a unified axiomatic framework that connects symbolic encryption, gravitational curvature, and vacuum instabilities through the lens of entropy amplification. Drawing from principles in cryptography, quantum gravity, and topological quantum computing, it formalizes how encryption can function simultaneously as an entropy amplifier and a geometric curvature inducer.

The manuscript interprets vacuum bursts and Schwinger pair production as cryptographic resolution events governed by a Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP). It proposes braid group logic gates in anyonic systems as natural physical substrates for implementing this gravitational–cryptographic duality. Key axioms equate symbolic complexity with spacetime curvature and topological entropy, offering new pathways to control vacuum instabilities through computational and physical means.

By bridging modular trace obfuscation, GUP-corrected thermodynamics, and partition function zero dynamics, this research sets a foundational platform for designing burst-array devices capable of probing the entropy thresholds of non-equilibrium quantum systems.

Download: Entropic–Gravitational Cryptodynamics (PDF)

Critical Scaling in Hyperbolic Attention Mechanisms

This project presents a comprehensive, mathematically rigorous framework for hyperbolic attention mechanisms in transformer architectures, linking them to statistical mechanics, spectral theory, and fractal geometry. It offers an explicit derivation of the critical inverse temperature \( \beta_c(\delta, \kappa, \mathcal{T}) \) in terms of fractal dimension \( \delta \), curvature \( \kappa \), and topological connectivity \( \mathcal{T} \).

The manuscript unifies concepts from hyperbolic geometry, partition functions, Laplace–Beltrami operators, and transformer design. Key contributions include:

  • An exact formula for \( \beta_c \sim \exp(C(\kappa)\,\delta\,r_{\mathrm{eff}})/\lambda_{\max}(\mathcal{T}) \)
  • Spectral density derivations based on fractal boundaries
  • Dynamic attention scaling protocols minimizing energy dissipation
  • Extended discussions on quantum security, Langlands correspondence, and Lorentz adaptations

Download the full paper: Critical Scaling in Hyperbolic Attention Mechanisms (PDF)

Supplementary Notes on Thermodynamic Formalism and Hyperbolic Dynamics

In follow-up to the explicit dimension formula \( \dim \mathcal{H}(\Lambda_\Gamma) = \frac{\ln(2m - 1)}{r_{\mathrm{eff}}} \), I include supplementary materials that frame the result within the broader context of symbolic dynamics, thermodynamic formalism, and Lie-theoretic flows. These connections provide a more unified and rigorous perspective on the structure of limit sets, their self-similarity, and the role of PSL(2,\(\mathbb{R}\)) isometries.

Key Topics Covered in These Notes

  • The sum \( \sum_{|g| = n} |g'(z)|^\delta \sim 1 \) as a bridge between symbolic dynamics and fractal geometry.
  • A derivation of critical exponents via pressure-zero arguments, connecting partition functions to Hausdorff dimension.
  • A proof that all Schottky group orbit branches approach the boundary circle at a uniform exponential rate, ensuring well-formed fractal limit sets.
  • Differential equations and flow models in the upper half-plane and Poincaré disk that interpolate discrete isometries.
  • Rigorous constructions of Patterson–Sullivan measures and their decay properties under the group action.

These results are particularly powerful when analyzing the dynamics of Schottky subgroups of PSL(2,\(\mathbb{R}\)) through the lens of the Lie algebra \( \mathfrak{sl}(2,\mathbb{R}) \). The uniform convergence to the boundary and equivalence of hyperbolic displacement among conjugates ensures that side-branch instabilities do not distort the limit set’s dimension.

Additional Lecture Notes:

Together, these documents provide a rich and self-contained exposition suitable for advanced study in geometric group theory, dynamical systems, spectral theory, and their applications to mathematical physics and quantum information.

Supplement: First-Level Symmetry and Exact Hausdorff Dimension

This supplementary note highlights a key insight: if the initial generators of a Schottky group exhibit complete first-level symmetry—that is, the magnitudes of their derivatives at a common base point \( z_0 \) satisfy \( |T_i'(z_0)| = \text{const} \)—then the entire Hausdorff dimension of the limit set can be determined using only this first-level data.

Specifically, under these conditions, the zero-pressure equation \[ \sum_{|T_i| = 1} |T_i'(z_0)|^{-\delta} = 1 \] yields an exact solution for the Hausdorff dimension \(\dim_H(\Lambda_\Gamma) = \delta\), without requiring data from deeper iterates.

Even when perfect symmetry breaks at higher levels, as long as bounded distortion holds, the contribution of higher iterates remains controlled. The result is robust: full symmetry at the first level ensures the validity of the explicit formula throughout the group’s dynamical hierarchy.

This observation strengthens the theoretical justification for using well-distributed Schottky generators to derive explicit, closed-form dimension formulas.

This work provides a novel and explicit closed‐form formula for computing the Hausdorff dimension of limit sets associated with Schottky groups that are well‐distributed—that is, those with uniformly arranged generators. In this framework, the Hausdorff dimension is given by $$\dim \mathcal{H}(\Lambda_\Gamma) = \frac{\ln(2m - 1)}{r_{\mathrm{eff}}},$$ where m is the number of free generators and reff is the effective translation length determined via a rigorous two‐step displacement method.

The study begins with an in‐depth review of classical hyperbolic geometry and builds upon foundational results by Patterson, Sullivan, and Bowen. By using the Bowen–Series expansion alongside symbolic dynamics and ergodic theory, the work shows that the symmetry in generator placement yields a uniform contraction ratio. This uniformity allows for an exact calculation of the fractal dimension of the limit set, overcoming the need for purely numerical methods.

A key insight of the research is that every finitely generated convex-cocompact Fuchsian group can be approximated arbitrarily closely by a well-distributed Schottky group. This approximation not only validates the theoretical approach but also provides a practical method for computing the Hausdorff dimension of more general hyperbolic groups. The paper further extends these ideas to higher-dimensional hyperbolic spaces, opening up new avenues for studying Kleinian groups and their fractal limit sets.

Beyond its theoretical contributions, the explicit dimension formula has significant interdisciplinary implications. In mathematical physics, it connects the fractal geometry of limit sets with the spectral properties of hyperbolic manifolds. In cryptography, the computability of these fractal dimensions can be leveraged to design robust, quantum-resistant protocols. Moreover, the work’s insights into the Fourier decay properties of Patterson–Sullivan measures contribute to a deeper understanding of chaotic scattering and resonances in dynamical systems.

This comprehensive study not only deepens the theoretical understanding of fractal dimensions in hyperbolic geometry but also bridges abstract mathematical theory with practical computational techniques. The explicit formula for the Hausdorff dimension serves as a powerful tool for researchers in geometric group theory, dynamical systems, and related fields.

For a complete and rigorous exposition—including all derivations and proofs—please refer to the full document: Hausdorff Dimension of Well-Distributed Schottky Groups.

Simple Geodesics on Hyperbolic Surfaces: Theory and Applications

My recent note on simple geodesics explores various techniques for understanding geodesics on hyperbolic surfaces. For further details, see the full document Simple Geodesics on Hyperbolic Surfaces: Theory and Applications.

In this survey, we explore the fascinating interplay between number theory, geometry, and dynamical systems. To set the stage, we begin by recalling the classical Prime Number Theorem which describes the asymptotic distribution of prime numbers. This fundamental result motivates analogous asymptotic counting problems in geometry, such as the enumeration of closed geodesics on hyperbolic surfaces.

Several key works form the backbone of our approach. Mirzakhani's groundbreaking study established deep connections between the asymptotic growth of simple closed geodesics on hyperbolic surfaces and the geometry of moduli spaces, while Arana-Herrera provides a modern ergodic-theoretic perspective on counting problems ranging from primitive integer points to simple closed curves. Foundational background on surface topology and mapping class groups is supplied by Farb and Margalit’s A Primer on Mapping Class Groups as well as Martelli’s An Introduction to Geometric Topology. Comprehensive treatments of hyperbolic geometry and its spectral theory are available in Ratcliffe’s Foundations of Hyperbolic Manifolds, Borthwick’s Spectral Theory of Infinite-Area Hyperbolic Surfaces, and Dal’Bo’s work on geodesic and horocyclic trajectories. For additional background in measure theory and the geometry of numbers, see Cassels and Einsiedler--Ward.

References

  • Dal'Bo, F. (2011). Geodesic and horocyclic trajectories. Springer-Verlag London, Ltd. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-073-1.
  • Ratcliffe, John. G. (2019). Foundations of Hyperbolic Manifolds. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31597-9.
  • Borthwick, D. (2016). Spectral Theory of Infinite-Area Hyperbolic Surfaces. Birkhäuser/Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33877-4.
  • Martelli, B. (2016). An Introduction to Geometric Topology. arXiv:1610.02592.
  • Farb, B., & Margalit, D. (2012). A Primer on Mapping Class Groups. Princeton University Press.
  • Mirzakhani, M. (2004). Simple geodesics on hyperbolic surfaces and the volume of the moduli space of curves. Harvard University.
  • Arana-Herrera, F. (2022). Counting problems from the viewpoint of ergodic theory: from primitive integer points to simple closed curves. arXiv:2202.04156.

Geometry of \( \mathbb{H}^n \): Foundations, Group Actions, and Quotient Constructions

This pedagogically motivated exposition builds a rigorous, example-rich framework for understanding the geometry of \( n \)-dimensional hyperbolic space \( \mathbb{H}^n \), with emphasis on its model structures, isometry groups, and the manifold and orbifold topology of the quotient \( \Gamma \backslash \mathbb{H}^n \). Designed for advanced students and early researchers, the document integrates foundational geometric definitions, topological underpinnings, and group-theoretic dynamics into a coherent and visually supported progression.

Beginning with formal models of \( \mathbb{H}^n \) and their curvature structure, the text develops the action of discrete groups \( \Gamma \subset \operatorname{Isom}(\mathbb{H}^n) \) and the construction of fundamental domains. It then rigorously analyzes conditions under which the quotient space inherits manifold or orbifold structure, clarifying local homeomorphism issues through explicit counterexamples and corrections. Applications to Fuchsian and Kleinian groups are explored, alongside discussions of limit sets, proper discontinuity, and metric completeness.

The work is both an educational scaffold and a stepping stone toward research-level understanding of geometric group theory and low-dimensional topology, culminating in staged expansions suited for theoretical physics, modular dynamics, and cryptographic geometry.

Download: Geometry of \( \mathbb{H}^n \) (PDF)























































RTG Meeting Notes with Prof. Ning Hao

Notes and references from my presentations in RTG meetings.

2023 RTG Meetings



Old Notes and Projects

A collection of previous notes and projects.

My Old Notes